{"id":32903,"date":"2023-11-29T15:30:00","date_gmt":"2023-11-29T14:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/3c7ded4d-9131-4148-a323-ff739e954956"},"modified":"2023-11-29T17:40:28","modified_gmt":"2023-11-29T16:40:28","slug":"giant-8m-tall-fungi-known-as-prototaxites-once-ruled-the-land-the-world-of-moulds-and-mushrooms-is-full-of-surprises-says-merlin-sheldrake","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbccountryfile\/rss_feed\/giant-8m-tall-fungi-known-as-prototaxites-once-ruled-the-land-the-world-of-moulds-and-mushrooms-is-full-of-surprises-says-merlin-sheldrake\/","title":{"rendered":"Giant, 8m-tall fungi known as prototaxites once ruled the land. The world of moulds and mushrooms is full of surprises, says Merlin Sheldrake"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"rssexcerpt\">Mushrooms are not only strange and intriguing, they and other fungi are vital to life on Earth. James Fair finds out more about this astonishing group of organisms from biologist and author Merlin Sheldrake. <\/p><p class=\"rssauthor\">By James Fair\n      <\/p><p class=\"rssbyline\">Published: Wednesday, 29 November 2023 at 14:30 PM<\/p><hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body><p>Cycling through a woodland one Sunday evening in early June, I was brought to a shuddering halt by the sight of a large creamy coloured mushroom the size of a dinner plate that had recently sprouted from a tree stump like an alien flower. Just a week later, passing along the same track, I found that the mushroom had collapsed in on itself like a badly cooked souffl\u00e9.\u00a0<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.countryfile.com\/wildlife\/how-to-identify\/guide-to-british-fungi-where-to-find-and-how-to-identify\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fungi<\/a> are startlingly different from other life forms on Earth \u2013 something that Merlin Sheldrake noticed early in life. His childhood curiosity was piqued by these bizarre, largely invisible organisms that seemed to have so much power to transform one thing into another. \u201cThey appear very fast, and then they vanish again,\u201d he says. \u201cThere\u2019s a mystery to them \u2013 where do they come from, where are they going?\u201d\u00a0<\/p><p>Merlin is now a biologist specialising in fungi, and his book <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merlinsheldrake.com\/entangled-life\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Entangled Life<\/a>, along with his movie <a href=\"https:\/\/www.merlinsheldrake.com\/imax-movie\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fungi: Web of Life<\/a> (narrated by Bj\u00f6rk), brilliantly explain this and other astonishing properties of fungi \u2013 and their astounding importance to other life forms on our planet. <\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.countryfile.com\/wildlife\/how-to-identify\/guide-to-british-fungi-where-to-find-and-how-to-identify\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How to identify wild mushrooms in the UK<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.countryfile.com\/how-to\/food-recipes\/foraging-food-recipes\/bracket-fungi-uk-species-identification\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bracket fungi guide: common UK species and identification<\/a><\/li><\/ul><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe title=\"How fungi shaped our world and could save it | Merlin Sheldrake\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/U4gmvMUdpvI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Merlin Sheldrake on what makes fungi so fascinating\/Credit: Penguin Books UK<\/figcaption><\/figure><hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/><h3>Fungi: the basics<\/h3><p>Let\u2019s explore some basics. Mushrooms are merely the fruiting bodies of fungi, like apples are to an apple tree. However, most fungi don\u2019t produce mushrooms to reproduce; the vast majority simply release spores into their environment to create the next generation.<\/p><p>Fungi form their own biological kingdom \u2013 they are neither plants nor animals, though in evolutionary terms they are probably closer to animals.<\/p><p>It\u2019s a vast taxonomic group, with an estimated 2.2 to 3.8 million different species, of which only 6% have been described. Fungi are everywhere.<\/p><p>Yeast is a fungus. So is Tinea pedis \u2013 athlete\u2019s foot. Unlike plants, fungi cannot make their own food through photosynthesis, so they have to eat. With so many millions of different species, they have a range of ways of doing this, but they are perhaps best known for breaking down dead things. They make things rot, in other words. \u201cDecomposition seemed miraculous to me,\u201d says Merlin. \u201cAnd still does, actually.\u201d\u00a0<\/p><p>Many fungi don\u2019t have to break down dead plant or tree material to eat. \u201cThere are so many ways to be a fungus,\u201d Merlin explains. \u201cThere are specialist moulds that thrive on fumes that evaporate from whisky barrels, and there\u2019s a kerosene fungus that lives in the fuel tanks of aircraft. They have many different appetites and proclivities.\u201d<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.countryfile.com\/wildlife\/british-lichen-guide-how-to-identify\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Guide to Britain&#8217;s lichens<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.countryfile.com\/how-to\/outdoor-skills\/guide-to-british-trees-how-to-identify-and-where-to-see\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">British tree guide<\/a><\/li><\/ul><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Mushrooms are merely the fruiting bodies of fungi, like apples are to an apple tree\/Credit: Getty<\/figcaption><\/figure><hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/><h3>Intelligent life?<\/h3><p>If it sounds as if Merlin believes fungi are self-determining organisms, then that\u2019s because he does. As he explains in Entangled Life, you don\u2019t need a brain to be smart. Many \u201csophisticated, problem-solving behaviours have evolved in organisms outside the animal kingdom\u201d, with the best-known being slime moulds, which \u2013 confusingly \u2013 are not actually moulds (and therefore fungi), but amoeba.<\/p><p>There\u2019s a classic experiment, recounted in Merlin\u2019s book, where researchers released a slime mould into a petri dish modelled on Greater Tokyo. Bright lights \u2013 which slime moulds avoid \u2013 representing hills and other obstacles were put into the dish, along with oat flakes to act as the major urban hubs. \u201cAfter a day, the slime mould had found the most efficient route between the oats, emanating into a network almost identical to Tokyo\u2019s existing rail network,\u201d Merlin writes.<\/p><blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>They seem to be everywhere at once and nowhere in particular.<\/p><\/blockquote><p>Fungi can do something similar. Many fungi species exist largely as a network of cobweb-like structures called mycelia, which exist to access nutrients underground. They form commensal relationships with plant roots \u2013 that is, they receive food from the roots in the form of the sugars created from photosynthesis, while in return they give back nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, that the plants would otherwise find it harder to obtain. Nine out of 10 plants depend on fungi for their existence.\u00a0<\/p><p>\u201cResearchers have put fungi in microscopic mazes and watched them find their way around,\u201d Merlin says. It makes sense, he adds. They live in these \u201ccluttered obstacle courses\u201d of the soil, and they have to monitor the variable conditions experienced by different parts of their sprawling networks and choose the appropriate course of action. As animals with central processing units (our brains), we find it hard to understand that fungi can successfully integrate these data streams without one. \u201cThey seem to be everywhere at once and nowhere in particular,\u201d Merlin says.\u00a0<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe title=\"Fungi: Web of Life | Bj\u00f6rk explains how fungi decompose wood\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mfxnGAVml7Y?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fungi: Web of Life | Bj\u00f6rk explains how fungi decompose wood\/Credit: Getty<\/figcaption><\/figure><hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/><h3>Beware destroying angels<\/h3><p>Most of us know fungi first and foremost as a source of food. Button mushrooms \u2013 Agaricus bisporus (Merlin tends to give the scientific name of every species he mentions) \u2013 are \u201ccomparatively dull and uninteresting\u201d, so of those cultivated here he recommends oyster, lion\u2019s mane and maitake (also known as hen of the woods) mushrooms. <\/p><p>He is reluctant to recommend wild ones \u2013 there are too many nasty surprises waiting for anyone who goes foraging in the woods without the requisite knowledge. \u201cThere are a number of species that will kill you,\u201d Merlin points out. \u201cThe death cap, Amanita phalloides, and the destroying angel, Amanita virosa, are two well-known species that grow in the UK. You need to know your stuff. And if you are going to pick mushrooms to eat, it\u2019s very important to make a positive identification, and not just say to yourself, \u2018It\u2019s not that and it\u2019s not that, so it must be that\u2019.\u201d<\/p><blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\"><p>After years of debate, scientists have concluded that giant, 8m-tall fossilised structures known as prototaxites, which lived more than 450 million years ago, were almost certainly fungi.<\/p><\/blockquote><p>And while on the subject of toxic mushrooms, I venture to ask (with some trepidation, as I have a feeling I\u2019m stepping into a scientific or perhaps linguistic booby trap), what the difference between a mushroom and a toadstool is. \u201cToadstool is not a technical term,\u201d he tells me. \u201cHistorically, it was sometimes used to distinguish between those you can and can\u2019t eat \u2013 toadstools being the poisonous ones.\u201d But there is something of interest here, nonetheless. \u201cIn a lot of cultures, there are associations between the words for toads and mushrooms, but I haven\u2019t heard a good scientific explanation as to why this is.\u201d\u00a0<\/p><p>Merlin has never had any serious poisoning problems, himself. There were some slippery jacks that gave him a bit of stomach ache, but that\u2019s a possible side effect with that species. \u201cThey are not particularly delicious, it was more of an experiment,\u201d he says.<\/p><p>As well as being a crucial element in allowing plants \u2013 and therefore animals \u2013 to survive, fungi probably allowed marine algae to conquer dry land in the first place. After years of debate, scientists have concluded that giant, 8m-tall fossilised structures known as prototaxites, which lived more than 450 million years ago, were almost certainly fungi.\u00a0<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe title=\"Fungi: Web of Life | Bj\u00f6rk explains how a fungal spore becomes a mycelial network\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/gfqMCQ8P0KY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fungi: Web of Life | Bj\u00f6rk explains how a fungal spore becomes a mycelial network\/Credit: Merlin Sheldrake<\/figcaption><\/figure><hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/><h3>Potent medicine<\/h3><p>Mushrooms are not just a source of food, but also of medicine. An anti-cancer drug called Taxol was developed from the Pacific yew tree, but it was only some years later that researchers realised that it wasn\u2019t the plant producing the drug, but a fungus that lived within it.\u00a0<\/p><p>\u201cA lot of fungi are under research,\u201d says Merlin. \u201cTurkey tail has given rise to pharmaceutical drugs to treat cancer in Japan, but they have not been licensed in Europe. Lion\u2019s mane has been shown to have neuro-regenerative properties, but there have been very limited human clinical trials, because it\u2019s so expensive and because you can\u2019t patent natural molecules,\u201d he adds.<\/p><p>If Merlin had to pick a favourite mushroom (and I get the impression he really doesn\u2019t want to), then he mentions the beefsteak, a red slimy bracket fungus that grows on trees. It is, he points out, a very subjective thing. Mushrooms in the Amonita genus, such as the beautiful, classic red-and-white-spotted fly agaric, are very striking, he concedes.\u00a0<\/p><p>If mushrooms \u2013 well, fungi \u2013 are starting to seem a little more magical through the prism of the Sheldrake mind, don\u2019t be surprised \u2013 he is called Merlin, after all.\u00a0<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.countryfile.com\/how-to\/foraging\/best-mushroom-identification-books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Best mushroom identification books<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.countryfile.com\/round-ups\/best-mushroom-gifts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Best mushroom gifts: 13 fun fungi present ideas<\/a><\/li><\/ul> <\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Mushrooms are not only strange and intriguing, they and other fungi are vital to life on Earth. James Fair finds out more about this astonishing group of organisms from biologist and author Merlin Sheldrake. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":32904,"template":"","categories":[1],"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"7"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2023\/11\/giant-8m-tall-fungi-known-as-prototaxites-once-ruled-the-land-the-world-of-moulds-and-mushrooms-is-full-of-surprises-says-merlin-sheldrake.jpg",2090,1435,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2023\/11\/giant-8m-tall-fungi-known-as-prototaxites-once-ruled-the-land-the-world-of-moulds-and-mushrooms-is-full-of-surprises-says-merlin-sheldrake-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2023\/11\/giant-8m-tall-fungi-known-as-prototaxites-once-ruled-the-land-the-world-of-moulds-and-mushrooms-is-full-of-surprises-says-merlin-sheldrake-300x206.jpg",300,206,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2023\/11\/giant-8m-tall-fungi-known-as-prototaxites-once-ruled-the-land-the-world-of-moulds-and-mushrooms-is-full-of-surprises-says-merlin-sheldrake-768x527.jpg",768,527,true],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2023\/11\/giant-8m-tall-fungi-known-as-prototaxites-once-ruled-the-land-the-world-of-moulds-and-mushrooms-is-full-of-surprises-says-merlin-sheldrake-1024x703.jpg",800,549,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2023\/11\/giant-8m-tall-fungi-known-as-prototaxites-once-ruled-the-land-the-world-of-moulds-and-mushrooms-is-full-of-surprises-says-merlin-sheldrake-1536x1055.jpg",1536,1055,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/45\/2023\/11\/giant-8m-tall-fungi-known-as-prototaxites-once-ruled-the-land-the-world-of-moulds-and-mushrooms-is-full-of-surprises-says-merlin-sheldrake-2048x1406.jpg",2048,1406,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbccountryfile\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Mushrooms are not only strange and intriguing, they and other fungi are vital to life on Earth. James Fair finds out more about this astonishing group of organisms from biologist and author Merlin Sheldrake.","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbccountryfile\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/32903"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbccountryfile\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbccountryfile\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbccountryfile\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbccountryfile\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/32904"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbccountryfile\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32903"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbccountryfile\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32903"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}