{"id":41480,"date":"2024-11-06T21:39:11","date_gmt":"2024-11-06T20:39:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/440264d4-d67c-4d52-92e7-5722d0cc68fc"},"modified":"2024-11-06T22:26:38","modified_gmt":"2024-11-06T21:26:38","slug":"10-petrifying-prehistoric-beasts-that-would-have-terrified-early-brits","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbccountryfile\/rss_feed\/10-petrifying-prehistoric-beasts-that-would-have-terrified-early-brits\/","title":{"rendered":"10 petrifying prehistoric beasts that would have terrified early Brits"},"content":{"rendered":"

Our ancestors would have come face to face with some of Earth\u2019s most infamous beasts. <\/p>

By <\/p>

Published: Wednesday, 06 November 2024 at 20:39 PM<\/p>

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By the rest of the world\u2019s standards, the wildlife of the British Isles is rather tame. However, this hasn\u2019t always been the case. Wind back the clock just a few thousand years and these islands were home to beasts that would have made even the bravest of our ancestors quake in their reindeer pelts\u2026<\/em><\/strong><\/p>

For nearly one million years, humans have occupied the British Isles. The first of these humans weren\u2019t\u00a0Homo sapien<\/em>\u00a0like us, rather\u00a0Homo antecessor\u00a0<\/em>– one of nearly a dozen prehistoric human species that lived during the Pleistocene Period (2.5 million to 11,700 years ago). Since those pioneers first set foot on the British Isles more human species have followed, including\u00a0Homo heidelbergensis<\/em>,\u00a0Homo neanderthalensis<\/em>\u00a0(better known as neanderthals), and, eventually, anatomically modern humans.<\/p>

Britain’s lost beasts: when did the moose, wolf and bear go extinct in UK?<\/a><\/li>
T he prehistoric mega-species that ruled before the dinosaurs<\/a><\/li> <\/ul>
Humans weren\u2019t the first creatures to discover the British Isles; there were many larger, fiercer animals here before them, and more that would arrive soon after. Humans lived alongside these beasts for thousands of years and regularly clashed with them for not just food, but territory too.<\/p>
A lot of these beasts faced extinction, many at the hands of our ancestors, while others survived and still roam some remote parts of the world today.<\/p>
Here are 10 prehistoric beasts that may have terrified early Britons.<\/h2>
Woolly mammoths<\/strong><\/h3>
Getty video <\/figcaption> <\/figure>
Over the course of the last 2.5 million years, northern Europe has been periodically covered by huge ice sheets – sometimes stretching as far south as southern England. The lands below these ice sheets were an icy tundra, known as the Mammoth Steppe. This was a difficult place to live, yet it supported some of the largest mammals the world has ever seen, including the iconic woolly mammoth<\/a>.<\/p>

Woolly mammoth vs elephant: What’s the difference between these two giants<\/a><\/li> <\/ul>
Standing 3.5m tall, weighing in at 6,000kg, and sporting two 4m-long curved tusks, a woolly mammoth would have been a terrifying sight. Still, that didn’t stop our ancestors from hunting them.<\/p>
We\u2019ve evidence of not only\u00a0Homo sapiens<\/em>\u00a0hunting these furry behemoths, but neanderthals too. At a cave known as La Cotte de St Brelade in Jersey<\/a>, large mounds of woolly mammoth and woolly rhino bones have been uncovered. These remains show signs of having been hunted and, later, butchered. It\u2019s thought the neanderthals that lived on Jersey<\/a> at this time, roughly 180,000 years ago, may have corallaled their prey off cliff tops with fire brands.<\/p>
Woolly mammoths disappeared from the British Isles 14,000 years ago. They lasted several thousand years longer in North America, and a tiny population survived on Russia\u2019s Wrangel Island right up until 2,000 BC – some 1,000 years\u00a0after<\/em>\u00a0Stonehenge<\/a> was constructed on Salisbury Plain, where they once roamed.<\/p>
Cave lions<\/strong><\/h3>
Getty Images <\/figcaption> <\/figure>
Believe it or not, the British Isles were once home to lions<\/a> larger than those that currently prowl the savannas of sub-Saharan Africa. These lions, known as cave lions (or\u00a0Panthera spelaea<\/em>), looked a lot like their extant cousins, but they were nearly 50% larger.<\/p>
Cave lions preyed on many of the same large herbivores as our ancestors, from mammoths to reindeer<\/a>. They\u2019d also seek out caves on their hunt for bear cubs and, in doing so, often come face to face with humans also using these caves for shelter. There\u2019s evidence from across Europe of interactions between cave lions and humans. In Spain, at a cave known as La Garma<\/a>, researchers have found signs of humans skinning cave lions for their pelts, while in France, at Chauvet Cave<\/a>, some extraordinary charcoal paintings of cave lions stand as stark evidence of our ancestors\u2019 ability to create art.<\/p>
What exactly early Britons, and early Europeans, thought of cave lions we\u2019ll never know, but from what we know of how they were treated and depicted, we can guess they were both feared and venerated. In some early European cultures, particularly in Germany where a 40,000-year-old ivory statue of a half-man, half-lion figure was found in 1939, cave lions may\u00a0even have\u00a0been considered gods.<\/p>
Irish elks<\/strong><\/h3>

<\/div> <\/figure> Today, elk stand roughly 1.2m tall, but\u00a0Megaloceros<\/em>\u00a0–\u00a0a Pleistocene ancestor of theirs – stood at almost double that, towering over the humans it lived alongside. This extinct deer was certainly hefty, but it was its formidable, 3.7m-wide antlers that would have no doubt induced the most terror amongst those unlucky enough to bump into one in the dense forests it lived in.<\/p> Megaloceros\u2019<\/em>\u00a0common name, irish elk, is somewhat of a misnomer. It wasn\u2019t an elk, rather a member of a slightly different group known as old world deer. And it wasn\u2019t only native to Ireland; it actually roamed vast swathes of Europe, from Spain to southwestern Russia.<\/p> That said, most remains of\u00a0Megaloceros<\/em>\u00a0are\u00a0<\/em>found in Ireland where conditions at the end of the last<a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/ice-age-animals\"> ice age<\/a> were fantastic for preserving <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/fossils-guide\">fossils<\/a>, which is how it got its name.\u00a0<\/p> While\u00a0Megaloceros<\/em>\u00a0was a herbivore, it would have still posed a significant threat to humans. You need only look at today\u2019s moose and the fact that\u00a0they\u2019re responsible for wounding more people annually in Alaska than bears, to\u00a0understand that\u00a0Megaloceros<\/em>\u00a0were dangerous beasts.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Woolly rhinos<\/strong><\/h3> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2092\" height=\"1432\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/47\/2024\/10\/Woolly-rhinos.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-195313\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Getty images <\/figcaption> <\/figure> Aside from their size and horns, today\u2019s rhinos are known for their dry, practically hairless skin. Some of their extinct relatives weren\u2019t so well-groomed, however, particularly the woolly rhino.\u00a0This appropriately-named, extinct rhino shared some similarities with its extant descendants: large nasal and frontal horns, three-toed feet, and a stocky build. It also had some differences, chiefly the thick coat of hair that kept it warm during particularly cold periods.<\/p> While woolly rhinos were similar in size to today\u2019s largest <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/mammals\/facts-about-rhinos\">rhinos<\/a>, white rhinos\u00a0(~1.6m tall, ~2,500kg), their closest living relatives, sumatran rhinos, are actually\u00a0the\u00a0<\/em>smallest rhino species alive today, weighing in at just 800kg. These small rhinos are covered in a coat of short, reddish-brown hair and live on the tropical islands of Sumatra and Borneo.<\/p> Like today\u2019s rhinos, woolly rhinos were imposing beasts and could have easily injured, or even killed, humans. We\u2019ve some evidence that early Britons hunted woolly rhinos, or at least scavenged their remains. In 1926, a 12,000-year-old woolly rhino rib bone, engraved with a small dancing man, was found at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.creswell-crags.org.uk\/explore\/the-caves#:~:text=Excavations%20of%20Pin%20Hole%20found,design%20has%20also%20been%20found.\">Pin Hole Cave in Derbyshir<\/a>e. Woolly rhinos also appear in cave art across Europe, suggesting they were a somewhat regular sight for ancient peoples.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Scimitar-toothed cats<\/strong><\/h3> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2103\" height=\"1426\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/47\/2024\/10\/GettyImages-181826085.jpg\" alt=\"Homotherium\" class=\"wp-image-195304\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Getty images <\/figcaption> <\/figure> Everyone has heard of sabre-tooth cats, or\u00a0Smilodon<\/em>, but their close cousins scimitar-tooth cats, or\u00a0Homotherium,<\/em>\u00a0were\u00a0just as deadly, if not more so. Unlike\u00a0Smilodon<\/em>,\u00a0Homotherium<\/em> are thought to have hunted in small groups, using their longer hind limbs to run down prey rather than ambush it. Their canines were also shorter than\u00a0Smilodon<\/em>\u2019s (~10cm rather than ~30cm) but interestingly serrated. These adaptations made\u00a0Homotherium<\/em>\u00a0formidable predators capable of hunting mammoths, bison, horse, and reindeer – the same large mammals our ancestors also hunted.<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/mammals\/prehistoric-cats\">Prehistoric cats: meet the ruthless feline hunters that roamed the planet thousands of years ago<\/a><\/li> <\/ul> Homotherium<\/em>\u00a0were only occasional visitors to the British Isles, evidenced by the fact that only sporadic remains have been found. The remains we have found, however, tell an interesting story. In 2000, a\u00a0Homotherium<\/em>\u00a0jaw was dredged up from the Brown Bank in the North Sea, an area that was covered by dry land during parts of the Pleistocene.<\/p> This land is known as Doggerland and it once stretched all the way from the east coast of England to France, Belgium, the\u00a0Netherlands, and Denmark.<\/p> It\u2019s in Doggerland where researchers think early Britons may have clashed with groups of\u00a0Homotherium<\/em>\u00a0as they tracked herds of mammoths and bison from Eurasia. These clashes wouldn\u2019t have happened often and most early Britons likely never encountered\u00a0Homotherium<\/em>. The same can\u2019t be said for humans who lived in North America. They lived closely alongside\u00a0Homotherium<\/em>\u00a0for thousands of years up until their eventual extinction 12,000 years ago.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Polar bears and brown bears<\/strong><\/h3> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2121\" height=\"1414\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/47\/2024\/10\/brown-bear.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-195314\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Getty images <\/figcaption> <\/figure> At the time of the last glacial maximum (LGM) some 20,000 years ago, the majority of the British Isles were covered by ice sheets. According to some estimates, the Scottish Highlands were covered by ice sheets more than a kilometre thick during this period. Considering this,\u00a0living in Scotland 20,000 years ago would have been a lot like living in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/arctic-animals\">Arctic<\/a> today, and based on some fossil finds the wildlife would have been similar too.\u00a0<\/p> In 1927, a bear skull was unearthed from a cave in Inchnadamph, deep in the Scottish Highlands. Only in the early 2000s was this skull finally identified as a polar bear\u2019s and dated to roughly 18,000 years ago. This skull remains the only evidence of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/mammals\/facts-about-polar-bears\">polar bears<\/a> in the British Isles, suggesting they were incredibly rare.<\/p> Their close cousins, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/photo-galleries\/a-year-in-the-life-of-european-brown-bears\">brown bears<\/a>, were a lot more common. In Ireland, a subspecies of brown bear thrived and is thought to have survived alongside humans right up until 500 BC. A butchered knee bone from a brown bear, found in a cave in western Ireland and dated to 12,800 years ago, tells us that our ancestors not only came face to face with bears, but ate them too. Interestingly, these Irish brown bears are the maternal ancestors of all living polar bears, according to a DNA study conducted in 2011.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cave hyenas<\/strong><\/h3> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/47\/2024\/10\/Cave-hyenas.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-195315\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Reconstruction of a cave hyena By Heinz-Werner Weber – Heinz-Werner Weber, CC BY-SA 2.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=14243588 <\/figcaption> <\/figure> We can actually thank these prehistoric predators for the fantastically preserved, Pleistocene-aged bone hoards we find across the British Isles and the rest of Europe. As their name suggests, cave hyenas lived in caves and would regularly drag carcasses back to their dens. These caves sheltered animal remains from the elements and, in doing so, increased their chances of being fossilised. In the British Isles, cave hyena dens have preserved bones from all manner of large mammals, including Irish elk, straight-tusked elephants, and even <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/mammals\/facts-about-hippos\">hippopotamuses<\/a>.<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/why-do-hyenas-laugh\">Why do hyenas laugh?<\/a><\/li> <\/ul> The main difference between cave hyenas and today\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/mammals\/why-female-spotted-hyenas-rule-the-pack\">spotted hyenas <\/a>was their size – at ~100kg, cave hyenas were twice as heavy as their extant relatives. Their diets differed too. While spotted hyenas largely prey on small antelopes, cave hyenas went after larger mammals like horses and bison. They\u2019d also scavenge whatever carrion they could find.<\/p> There\u2019s lots of evidence of humans interacting with cave hyenas, particularly neanderthals. Some animal remains processed by neanderthals also show signs of having been gnawed by hyenas, suggesting the two would occasionally steal each other\u2019s kills. There\u2019s also evidence of them competing for caves.<\/p> Cave hyenas disappeared from the British Isles around 32,000 years ago, a long time before the peak of the last ice age.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Steppe bison<\/strong><\/h3> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"504\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/47\/2024\/10\/Bison-priscus.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-195317\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Steppe bison By Robert Pawlicki – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=53569355 <\/figcaption> <\/figure> Standing 2m tall, weighing in at nearly 1000kg, and sporting a pair of half-metre-long horns, steppe bison (Bison priscus<\/em>) were some of the biggest bovids ever, dwarfed only by their American cousins, the giant bison, or\u00a0Bison latifrons<\/em>. A single steppe bison might not have prompted our ancestors to run away in terror, but a herd of hundreds certainly would have done.<\/p> This extinct bison is amongst the most well-known megafauna from the Pleistocene, thanks largely to several mummified specimens that have been found in the remote parts of Canada and Siberia. These \u2018bison mummies\u2019 preserve everything from the bison\u2019s bones, horns, and hair, to its stomach contents, painting a vivid picture of not only what they looked like, but how they lived.<\/p> Humans hunted steppe bison across North America and Eurasia, including in the British Isles where they\u2019re thought to have been numerous,\u00a0gathering in large herds during breeding seasons. They\u2019ve been absent from the British Isles for roughly 28,000 years, but two years ago – in 2022 – four <a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/mammals\/bison-reintroduction-blean-kent-uk\">European bison<\/a> were released into a woodland near Canterbury, Kent, as part of a ground-breaking rewilding project.<\/p> It\u2019s here in East Anglia where these bison\u2019s ancestors would have roamed during the Pleistocene, back when this part of the British Isles was covered by icy tundra.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Grey wolves<\/strong><\/h3> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"2560\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/47\/2024\/10\/Grey-wolf-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-195318\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Getty images <\/figcaption> <\/figure> As recently as 1680, grey wolves lived in the British Isles. The earliest known grey wolf remains, found at <a href=\"https:\/\/museum.wales\/articles\/1029\/The-Caves-at-Cefn-Tales-of-strange-creatures-and-evidence-of-Waless-earliest-humans\/\">Pontnewydd Cave in Wales<\/a>, date all the way back to 225,000 years ago and to a time when neanderthals were the only humans known in this remote part of Europe. Unlike humans, who came and went from the British Isles, wolves remained a permanent fixture of British wildlife throughout the latter stages of the Pleistocene.<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/mammals\/coyote-vs-wolf\">Coyote vs wolf: what’s the difference between these two beautiful and charismatic canids?<\/a><\/li> <\/ul> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/mammals\/wolf-vs-dog\">Wolf vs dog: what’s the difference between man’s best friend and its wild cousin?<\/a><\/li> <\/ul> These prehistoric wolves, standing 85cm tall and weighing in at 45kg, were just like today\u2019s wolves and would have also hunted in large packs. They competed with humans, but unlike other predators on this list they survived alongside them for thousands of years, past the last ice age and well into the modern period.<\/p> From written<a href=\"https:\/\/www.countryfile.com\/go-outdoors\/historic-places\/guide-to-roman-britain-how-long-did-the-roman-occupation-last-and-how-did-they-change-britain\"> Roman<\/strong><\/a> and later Saxon accounts of the British Isles, we know that wolves were here in huge numbers from the 1st to the 11th century. Their numbers were then slashed in the latter middle ages when they were mercilessly hunted in an effort to stop them from killing domesticated livestock.<\/p> It was in Killiecrankie, Scotland, where the last wolf is thought to have been killed in 1680, though there were rumours and sightings of wolves right through the 18th century. The reintroduction of wolves to Scotland has long been discussed and plans have even been proposed, but there\u2019s no sign of them returning any time soon.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other humans<\/strong><\/h3> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"754\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/47\/2024\/10\/Screenshot-2024-10-29-at-18.46.35.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-195319\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Reconstructed head of the Cheddar Man based on the shape of his skull and DNA analysis <\/figcaption> <\/figure> As mentioned above,\u00a0Homo sapiens<\/em>\u00a0weren\u2019t the first humans to discover the British Isles. Our ancestors arrived comparatively late compared to other human species, around 40,000 years ago and some 860,000 years after those who left footprints and stone tools at Happisburgh on the Norfolk coast. It\u2019s thought these original Britons were\u00a0Homo\u00a0<\/em>antecessor<\/em>, a likely candidate for the last common ancestor between neanderthals and us.<\/p> When we arrived in the British Isles, we\u2019d have run into many of our relatives, including neanderthals. While it\u2019s thought we probably warred with them, there\u2019s more evidence of us assimilating with them. This evidence is literally in our DNA,\u00a0around 2% of which we share with neanderthals.<\/p> As well as bumping into neanderthals, our ancestors will have also met rival groups of their own kind. How these early Britons may have interacted with one another is a bit of a mystery,\u00a0but we have found some evidence of possible cannibalism amongst\u00a0Homo sapiens<\/em>, dated to\u00a015,000 years ago in Gough\u2019s Cave, Somerset.\u00a0From this site, human toe and rib bones have been found that bear marks made by human teeth. Other clues include human jaw bones that have been severed from their skulls and deliberately broken in a similar way to the jaws of other animals.<\/p> There\u2019s also evidence in Gough\u2019s Cave of its inhabitants manufacturing \u2018skull cups\u2019 from human heads. 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