What is Boxing Day?
Boxing Day is also known as St Stephen’s Day – Stephen was the first Christian martyr, stoned to death in c34 AD.
Being a saint’s day, it has charitable associations. Charitable boxes – collections of money – would have been given out at the church door to the needy.
While the wider significance of St Stephen’s Day collapsed in Europe, it held on in Protestant England. “It is an Anglo-Saxon thing,” says Connelly. “As England made more and more of Christmas, it began to concentrate its rituals onto just a few days. This was happening by the 18th century.
“The English came to believe that they owned Christmas – perhaps in partnership with other ‘Teutonic/Nordic’ peoples. This was a bit of an over-exaggeration as, of course, there are plenty of southern European Christmas traditions.
“The Church of England had gotten rid of so many days. The charitable efforts that, under the Catholic calendar, would have been scattered, became tied to the one day.”
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By the late 18th century or early 19th century, Boxing Day became a day of outdoor activity.
While Christmas Day was about being at home with your family, Boxing Day was a time to get outside, to get away from the home. “People can only be cooped up for so long!” says Connelly. “There’s always been a need to exorcise – and exercise – all of that.”
In the 18th century, Boxing Day became a day for aristocratic sports – hunting, horseracing, and shooting. By the 19th century, as a result of urbanisation, it was about professional football.
As British society, particularly English society, became marked by large industrial cities, distinctive working-class leisure pursuits evolved. With Boxing Day already associated with pleasurable, outdoor activities, it was soon adopted as a key date in the professional soccer calendar.
When did the charitable side of Boxing Day end?
By the early 19th century, charitable aims became more focused around Christmas Eve and Christmas Day, “but it was a very slow petering out,” says Connelly. “There was a debate about whether inmates should get beer and beef on Christmas Day, for example. Whether they got this depended upon the attitude of local guardians.
“And by this point, there were enough poor people to be thought of as an entity. Provision for the poor turned into a local government issue, as opposed to something individuals organised.”
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When did Boxing Day originate?
Boxing Day emerged quite quickly after the establishment of Christmas, says Connelly. The very early church took no notice of Christmas – it wasn’t until the turn of the first millennia that the church started to ‘push’ Christmas.
“It was a way to make sure converts stayed on board – the early church knew it could not stamp out all the winter festivals, so it decided to ‘Christianise’ them,” he explains. “So a whole series of pre-existing European mid-winter ceremonies were white-washed with Christianity. Boxing Day came quickly after.
“Christmas feast days were chipped away at – largely because of Protestantism and the development of the British economy. A more urbanised, factory-oriented economy meant that the machines and methods of production just had to be kept going.
“It was completely unlike the rhythms of the rural world which, until then, had dominated, and which allowed for more punctuation marks in the course of the year – so you ended up having to peg festivities on fewer days.”
Historically, has Boxing Day been celebrated differently in other parts of the world?
England, Wales, Australia and New Zealand are distinctive in making quite a ‘thing’ of Boxing Day, with outdoor events such as picnics, horse shows, rides and walks, says Connelly.
How did Boxing Day become a bank holiday?
The 26th of December became additional bank holiday in 1974, but in fact it had been a de facto day off for many years, Connelly explains. “This is partly because football made such a big ‘thing’ of Boxing Day that many people took time off anyway, and gradually during the course of the 20th century more and more employers realised that business would generally slow during this period and so, in effect, turned a blind eye to people taking the time off. Taking the 26th off then became a custom in its own right.”
Boxing Day today tends to be associated with shopping. When did this trend emerge?
It began in the late 1990s, when the John Major government amended Sunday trading laws.
“When you open the door to trading on a Sunday, changing the spirit of when it is morally ‘right’ to shop, you open up the possibility of trading on festival days,” says Connelly.
This article was first published by HistoryExtra in December 2013