Plantation owners receive a share of £20m (around £17bn today) by way of compensation; in contrast, freed slaves receive nothing and are forced into apprenticeship schemes for up to six years.

1900

The First Pan-African Conference is held in London. American civil rights activist WEB Du Bois plays a leading role in the event.

1914–18

Tens of thousands of men from Africa and the Caribbean, as well as Britain’s black communities, join the war effort. Among them is professional footballer Walter Tull, the first British-born black army officer and the first black officer to lead white British troops into battle.

1919

Tensions over jobs, exacerbated by demobilisation after World War I, leads to race riots across Britain, with some people accusing ethnic minorities of “stealing” work. Unrest breaks out in port cities, with Liverpool seeing the worst violence, in June.

1939–45

The relaxation of a military ‘colour bar’ sees 10,000 Caribbean men and women join the armed forces in World War II, along with hundreds of thousands of enlistees from Britain’s African colonies. Despite this, some restrictions remain: black men are banned from becoming officers, for example.

1948

On 22 June, HMT Empire Windrush arrives at Tilbury Docks in Essex, with some 800 West Indians on board. Although not the first ship to bring black migrants to Britain, its name comes to refer to the immigration boom experienced in the next few decades.

1959

Claudia Jones, founder of the West Indian Gazette, organises a ‘Caribbean Carnival’, the predecessor of the annual Notting Hill Carnival.

1964

On his way to collect the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, American civil rights leader Dr Martin Luther King Jr visits London and delivers a stirring sermon at St Paul’s Cathedral. Afterwards, he gives a press conference on the worsening race relations in Britain.

• Read more | Britain’s black trailblazers: 7 pioneers who changed British history

1965

Nine days before his assassination, fellow US civil rights figure Malcolm X visits Smethwick, near Birmingham, where locals have been suffering from racist abuse.

1968

Inspired by the Black Power movement in the US, the British Black Panthers are formed by the Nigerian-born writer and activist Obi Egbuna. At its peak in the early 1970s, it has around 3,000 members.

1971

A bill to impose greater restrictions on immigration to Britain – introducing the ‘right to abode’ that most in the Commonwealth are not eligible for – is met with opposition and protests. It passes, forming the basis of immigration law to this day.

1975

The Black Parents Movement (BPM) forms to advance the rights of black people in Britain. Angered by the arrest of a black youth outside his school, the grassroots organisation tackles issues like jobs and housing, but primarily education.

1981

Racial tensions in Brixton, south London, erupt into violence, with three days of rioting. More than 300 people are injured.

1987

Although Labour fail to take power in the 1987 general election, it is a landmark moment for the party and British politics as four black MPs take their seats. Among them is Diane Abbott, the first black woman elected to the House of Commons.

1993

Black teenager Stephen Lawrence is murdered in a racist attack in Eltham, southeast London. A public inquiry uncovers substantial failings in the police investigation, as well as institutional racism, and will eventually lead to major changes in the law.

2020

Anti-racism protests take place in Britain following the killing, in the US, of George Floyd by a white police officer. The protests also criticise the way the authorities have handled incidents closer to home, such as the Grenfell Tower fire (2017) and the Windrush scandal (2018).

This article was first published in the November 2022 issue of BBC History Revealed

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