{"id":22481,"date":"2023-03-16T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-03-15T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/?post_type=purple_issue&p=22481"},"modified":"2023-04-24T16:48:35","modified_gmt":"2023-04-24T14:48:35","slug":"at-the-mercy-of-the-mongols","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/2023\/03\/16\/at-the-mercy-of-the-mongols\/","title":{"rendered":"At the mercy of the mongols"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Life under the Mongols <\/strong><\/h4>\n\n

At the mercy of the mongols<\/h2>\n\n

They pulled off one of the most astonishing campaigns of conquest in history. But how did they treat their subject populations once the dust had settled? Nicholas Morton<\/span> <\/strong>examines what life was like under the Mongols <\/h5>\n\n
\"\"
World changer <\/span><\/strong>Chinggis Khan\u2019s tent, as shown in a 14th-century Persian miniature. The Mongols\u2019 conquests transformed the way the people of Eurasia did trade, shared knowledge, paid taxes and fought wars <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

One curious and less-well-known impact of the Mongol empire\u2019s explosive expansion was a huge surge in the hunting of owls \u2013 almost to the edge of extinction in some regions. And it all stemmed from a striking and powerful foundational myth. <\/p>\n\n

According to legend, long before they embarked on their far-reaching campaigns of conquest, the Mongols lived on the far side of a mighty mountain range. It was impenetrable but for one single road running through an abandoned fortress. That castle, though, sparked immense fear: anyone venturing too close would be assailed by terrifying noises that caused them to flee in panic. So the Mongols remained hemmed in. <\/p>\n\n

One day, the story goes, a rider engrossed in a hunt found himself unexpectedly at the daunting fortress, where he was filled with terror \u2013 until he spotted an owl on its gate. Emboldened, he ventured inside and discovered that those eerie noises were merely the wind whistling among the stones. Thus the only impediment barring the Mongols from marching forth was removed. <\/p>\n\n

That legend was brought to the west by Dominican missionary Riccoldo of Montecroce in the early 14th century. Just how accurately his version reflects the tale told by the Mongols themselves is hard to say but it\u2019s linked to a powerful economic truth. <\/p>\n\n

\"\"
Tough love <\/span><\/strong>Owls shown in a 14th-century Arabic manuscript. The Mongols\u2019 reverence for these birds of prey resulted in them being hunted to near-extinction <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

In later years, the Mongols recalled the owl with reverence, as a divine messenger guiding them on their journey. For this reason, they wore owl feathers in their hats, paying a hefty price to merchants bringing them to their courts. Hunters began to kill owls in huge numbers, eager to sell feathers to the khans. <\/p>\n\n

During the 13th century, the Mongols conquered vast swathes of Eurasia, forging an empire stretching from the borders of Hungary all the way to the East China Sea. In the process, they acquired eye-watering amounts of money, largely from the many civilisations that fell to their armies. With such wealth at their disposal, their leaders could acquire anything they might wish, in any quantity. Their purchasing power was truly formidable. So if they wanted to buy enormous quantities of owl feathers, then Eurasia\u2019s mercantile community would scramble to make it happen \u2013 aware of the profits that would follow. <\/p>\n\n

The magnetic appeal of the Mongol court did not just attract traders from within the empire. Riccoldo tells us that hunters were culling owls even in the west, outside the empire\u2019s borders, because demand for their feathers had driven the bird to the point of extinction elsewhere. \u201cAnd thus,\u201d Riccoldo observed (as quoted in Rita George-Tvrtkovic\u2019s 2012 book <\/span>A <\/em>Christian <\/em>Pilgrim <\/em>in <\/em>Medieval <\/em>Iraq), <\/em>\u201cthe Tartars [Mongols] return bad for good to their friend the owl, for while they say that they honour it, they kill it and skin it, and make for themselves crowns out of the plumage.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n\n

\"\"
Buying power<\/span><\/strong> A 15th-century image from the Travels of Marco Polo <\/em>shows Mongol emperor Kublai Khan paying for his purchases. The Mongols\u2019 immense wealth drew traders from across Eurasia to their tented cities <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Owl feathers represented just one minor commodity among many prized by the Mongols. Some merchants brought pearls to their courts from south-east Asia or the Indian Ocean. Indeed, it was their formidable wealth that drew Marco Polo\u2019s father and uncle into the Mongols\u2019 orbit, the two men first making contact in an effort to sell precious gems. <\/p>\n\n

The Mongols\u2019 immense buying power is just one of the myriad ways in which their lightning conquests transformed the lives of the people over whom they ruled. An en- tire continent now realigned itself to meet the needs of its new masters. Not only did merchants have to find new ways of doing business, but elites had to come to terms with subjugation, and entire communities were forced to adjust to the laws and governance of their new masters. For the people of Eurasia, nothing would be the same again.<\/span><\/p>\n\n

When in Qaraqorum\u2026 <\/strong><\/p>\n\n

By the middle of the 13th century, it must have seemed that all roads led to the Mongols\u2019 great cities, either their capital at Qaraqorum or the huge encampments that enforced their dominion. These encampments could be vast. They comprised thousands of massive tents \u2013 many made from luxurious fabrics \u2013 and were surrounded by tens of thousands of waggons that could transport these imperial metropolises between grazing grounds. Beyond the tents roamed herds of millions of horses, sheep, goats and other animals that represented the traditional mainstay of the Mongols\u2019 nomadic way of life. Beyond these herds lay paths choked with emissaries, traders and religious leaders, all hurrying to Mongol courts, some seeking patrons, some seeking converts and some seeking profits. <\/p>\n\n

The Mongols forged a new imperial landscape arranged to suit their global ambitions. They knew that they possessed a divine mandate to rule the entire world (granted by a spiritual force in the sky, called Tenggeri), while their armies\u2019 remorseless successes in battle served to evidence this conviction. Viewed from their perspective, it was their rightful place to order the world as they saw fit. And this meant that it was incumbent on their new subjects to recognise this fact and submit. <\/p>\n\n

Artisans were taken from their homes and moved to wherever the Mongols felt they were best employed<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n

\"\"
Taxing times<\/span><\/strong> A later illustration for the 14th-century story The History of the Mongols<\/em> shows Ghazan Khan forbidding tax collectors from oppressing the people. Nonetheless, tax revenue greased the wheels of the Mongol economy and subject peoples across the empire were expected to pay it<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Some of these subjects were treated leniently. Communities that submitted to the Mongols swiftly \u2013 especially those that surrendered <\/span>before <\/em>suffering military invasion \u2013 could expect preferential treatment. By contrast, those who resisted could suffer acutely. As Great Khan G\u00fcy\u00fck\u2019s message to Pope Innocent IV (quoted in Christopher Dawson\u2019s 1980 book <\/span>Mission <\/em>to <\/em>Asia) <\/em>reveals, defiance could not be tolerated: \u201cNow you should say with a sincere heart: \u2018I will submit and serve you\u2019\u2026 If you ignore my command, I shall know you as my enemy.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n\n

In the near east, the Cilician kingdom of Armenia submitted quickly in the 1240s, a prudential course of action given that the kingdom had no chance of resisting the Mongol armies. It therefore suffered no invasion, endured a relatively light tribute, and came to hold a respected place in the Mongol court. The rhythms of life for many people could continue with little interruption. <\/p>\n\n

The same was not true elsewhere. When the Armenian envoy Sempad, brother of King Hetum, travelled to the Mongol court to confirm his kingdom\u2019s submission, he described the many horrific sights he had witnessed during his journey in a letter to the king of Cyprus. He described desolate regions where travellers came across piles of bones and passed through many empty and abandoned settlements. The consequences awaiting those who resisted were plain to see. <\/p>\n\n

\"\"
MAP: BATTLEFIELD DESIGN <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Mining talent <\/strong><\/p>\n\n

Communities that survived the initial Mongol invasion soon found themselves incorporated into the empire\u2019s vast networks. Like conquerors across history, the Mongols wanted taxation from their subjects and they <\/span>used censuses to facilitate their fiscal policies. Tax revenue would then serve the empire\u2019s broader ambitions, and so too would any leading artisans rounded up by the Mongols in newly conquered regions.<\/p>\n\n

It was a feature of the Mongol empire that their commanders tended to spare expert workers, such as goldsmiths, weavers and miners, who might be of service. Frequently, these artisans were bluntly uprooted from their homes, transported for hundreds or even thousands of miles, and then set to work wherever the Mongols felt they could be best employed. One group of German miners was transported from Transylvania during the Mongol offensive into Hungary in 1241 and then set to work deep within the Mongol empire, mining gold and forging weapons.<\/p>\n\n

The Mongols were also interested in intellectuals. When H\u00fcleg\u00fc, brother of the Great Khan M\u00f6ngke, advanced into the near east in the 1250s, seeking to extend the empire\u2019s conquests in this area, he established a research centre at a place called Maragha, assembling a group of scientists, philosophers and intellectuals from across his territories. Their job, like everyone else, was to use their collective talents to serve the needs of their Mongol masters. Among a range of objectives, H\u00fcleg\u00fc wanted them to supply gold (via alchemy) and to predict future events (via astrology). The community at Maragha \u2013 led by the famous scholar Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, and equipped with a great library and observatory \u2013 achieved historic scientific advances in trigonometry. Nasir al-Din also created a detailed set of astronomical tables that remained in use for centuries.<\/span><\/p>\n\n

\"\"
Brilliant mind <\/span><\/strong>Nasir al-Din al-Tusi instructs pupils in his observatory at the Mongol research centre in Maragha. The Persian scientist made huge leaps forward in the fields of astronomy and trigonometry <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

Hard-nosed pragmatism<\/strong><\/p>\n\n

\"\"
Clerics like John of Cilician Armenia (shown in 1287) could continue to practise under the Mongols <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n

Religious leaders fell into a similar category. The Mongols permitted different religious communities across their empire to practise their own beliefs reasonably freely. In doing so, they showed more religious tolerance than many of their contemporaries, but there was also a degree of pragmatism behind this liberality. The Mongols wanted the adherents of each religion to channel their spiritual power for the advancement of the Mongol empire. Spiritual leaders \u2013 like any other asset \u2013 were required to labour for their new rulers\u2019 interests. Just as different faith systems had to co-exist as equals, so too did the inhabitants of the occupied territories <\/span>\u2013 no matter how elite or lowly a position they had occupied before the invasion. For many people, especially those from the former ruling cadres, this upheaval upended centuries-long norms of existence. The privileges they had enjoyed before the Mongols\u2019 arrival had been swept away.<\/p>\n\n

And yet they didn\u2019t rebel. In fact, it\u2019s a feature of the empire\u2019s early history, especially in the near east, that very few uprisings took place against the Mongols\u2019 authority. At this time, the Mongols\u2019 vast and growing power, often imposed with terrifying brutality, was clearly sufficient to deter would-be rebels. <\/p>\n\n

This sense of fear was very real and the famous intellectual Ibn al-Athir recalls its paralysing effect. He received many reports describing the sheer lack of resistance encountered by the Mongols in many villages where even a single Mongol horseman could slaughter his way \u2013 unopposed \u2013 through a population too frozen with fear either to flee or resist. <\/p>\n\n

Historically, rebellions normally occur not when a conqueror\u2019s rule is at its most oppressive, but when a conqueror\u2019s control starts to crack. Rebels rarely win large followings if resistance is tantamount to suicide. And so, in the early years of the empire, the Mongols\u2019 subjects deployed a different tactic: they turned on the charm. <\/p>\n\n

Working seemingly on the principle that if you cannot stop a conqueror then you need to win their favour, Mongol courts began to attract emissaries, missionaries and ambassadors from across their territories. These representatives brought gifts, offered their services, and even praised their Mongol masters as a divine scourge sent to rebuke them for their sinful behaviour. Of course, the purpose of such actions was for these representatives to navigate a safe path, either for themselves or their communities, amid the upheavals of the rising Mongol empire. But their efforts also raised another tantalising prospect.<\/span><\/p>\n\n

As the 13th century advanced, religious leaders increasingly sought to persuade the Mongols to convert to their own faith. In time, Mongol courts played host to set-piece debates where advocates from across the continent sought to prove the veracity of their own beliefs against those of other religions. <\/p>\n\n

This was a serious business: the conversion of a Mongol leader to a religion such as Islam, Buddhism or Christianity \u2013 or, even better, the adoption of one of these faiths as the empire\u2019s main religion \u2013 would fundamentally alter that religion\u2019s prospects across the entire continent. This was a contest played out at the highest level, but for many decades none of these efforts were especially successful. This was for the simple reason that the Mongols, most of whom practised shamanism, had little intention of altering their beliefs. <\/p>\n\n

Religious leaders increasingly sought to persuade the Mongols to convert to their own faith <\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n

\"\"\/
Rival on the rise<\/span><\/strong> Mamluk warriors capture the future Armenian king Leo II following their victory at the battle of Mari (modern-day Turkey) in 1266. Mamluk incursions and an outbreak of vicious infighting were among the factors that checked the expansion of the Mongol empire <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

The Mongol empire is a tale of conquered peoples culturally conquering their conquerors <\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n

\"\"
Spoils of war<\/span><\/strong> A Mongol helmet taken as a trophy following one of Kublai Khan\u2019s failed invasions of Japan in 1274 or 1281 <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n

Over time, however, the Mongols began to adopt the cultures, customs, cuisines, religions and traditions of the regions they had come to rule. In the near east, from 1260 onwards, their empire ceased to expand, becoming embroiled in a protracted and largely unsuccessful conflict with the Mamluk empire (rulers of Egypt and Syria). The wider Mongol imperium also fell prey to infighting which, by the mid-1260s, escalated into a spate of civil wars that ultimately caused the empire to break up into quasi autonomous territories. The near eastern portion of the empire became known as the Ilkhanate and suffered increasingly from rebellions led by disgruntled Mongol elites or disaffected local factions, while the flow of plundered wealth shrivelled to a trickle.<\/span><\/p>\n\n

In this environment, Mongol rulers needed local allies, local legitimacy and local approval, a very different paradigm to the era of conquest. Then, in 1323, a peace treaty with the Mamluks forced the Mongols to abandon their ambitions of global conquest. During these years the Mongols in the near east slowly converted to Islam and the model of Mongol rule began to change, acquiring many of the norms and customs common to Muslim societies. <\/p>\n\n

Viewed in the long-term, the story of the Mongol conquests is a tale of conquered peoples culturally conquering their conquerors. The Mongols may have overthrown many cities and civilisations but, as time went on, their empire began to break up, its various regions slowly acculturating to the practices of the people they had come to rule.<\/span><\/p>\n\n

Yet in the decades of Mongol dominance, these nomadic warriors had profoundly impacted millions of lives, whether through war, governance, trade or via the remaking and reorienting of their world. The sheer vastness of their empire led to many changes. Technologies or ideas such as gunpowder or paper money were carried out of China and then disseminated across the continent, while emissaries travelling from the empire\u2019s far-flung communities to the distant Mongol courts returned home bearing tidings of strange and hitherto-unknown places and peoples. The Mongols transformed the lives of many, and not merely those within their extraordinary empire. <\/p>\n\n

<\/div>
\n

TIMELINE<\/span>
The Mongol conquest of the near east<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Tem\u00fcjin, founder of the Mongol empire, adopts the title Chinggis Khan<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1162<\/strong>
Tem\u00fcjin is born. From 1206 he is known as Chinggis (or Genghis) Khan<\/strong>, and goes on to found the Mongol empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

1219 
<\/strong>The Mongols begin their invasions into the Khwarazmian<\/strong> empire of central Asia and Iran. The stage is now set for their conquests of the near east.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

1220\u201321<\/strong>
A Mongol force passes south of the Caspian Sea and then moves up through the Caucasus<\/strong>, defeating many local powers en route.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n
\"\"

An Anatolian mosaic with Arabic scripture from 1242\u20134<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

1230<\/strong>
The Mongols renew their offensive into the near east under a commander named Chormaghun<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

1243<\/strong>
The Anatolian Seljuk sultanate falls to the Mongols. Soon after, the kingdom of Cilician Armenia<\/strong> submits to Mongol authority. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

1258
<\/strong>H\u00fcleg\u00fc (brother of the Great Khan M\u00f6ngke) leads the siege and sacking of<\/strong> Baghdad<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
A c1305 depiction of the Mongol assault on Baghdad, in which tens of thousands were killed<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

1260
<\/strong>Mongol armies complete the overthrow of the Ayyubid empire<\/strong>, which had been established by Saladin in the 1160s\u201380s. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

1260s<\/strong>
Conflict breaks out within the Mongol empire<\/strong> between two khanates: the Ilkhanate and the Golden Horde (see map above).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

1281
The Mamluk empire (of Egypt)<\/strong> defeats the Mongols<\/strong> at the battle of Homs. This marks a major setback for the Mongols on their western frontier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Mamluks (right) shattered the Mongols\u2019 aura of invincibility by defeating them at Homs<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

1323<\/strong>
The Mongols agree to a peace agreement with the Mamluks, <\/strong>ending a 63-year war. Over the following decades, the Mongols are assimilated into the cultures they have conquered.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n

\n\n

Nicholas Morton <\/strong>is an associate professor at Nottingham Trent University. His latest book is The Mongol Storm: Making and Breaking Empires in the Medieval Near East <\/em>(Basic Books, 2022) <\/p>\n\n

ONLINE<\/h5>\n\n

How to repel a Mongol invasion <\/strong>
To read Nicholas Morton\u2019s feature on the empire that triumphed over the Mongols, go to: historyextra.com\/mongol-invasion<\/a> <\/em><\/p>\n\n

READ<\/h5>\n\n

A Christian Pilgrim in Medieval Iraq <\/strong>by Riccoldo of Montecroce (translated by Rita George-Tvrtkovi\u0107) (Turnhout: Brepols, 2012)<\/span><\/p>\n\n

LISTEN<\/h5>\n\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n

Chinggis Khan was the subject of an episode of the BBC World Service\u2019s Radio <\/strong>History <\/strong>of <\/strong>the <\/strong>World. <\/strong>Listen here: bbc.co.uk\/sounds\/play\/p03cg69z<\/a> <\/em><\/p>\n\n

<\/p>\n\n

GETTY IMAGES\/AKG IMAGES\/ALAMY <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Life under the Mongols At the mercy of the mongols They pulled off one of the most astonishing campaigns of conquest in history. But how did they treat their subject populations once the dust had settled? Nicholas Morton examines what life was like under the Mongols One curious and less-well-known impact of the Mongol empire\u2019s […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":22713,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ub_ctt_via":"","purple_page_number":"52","purple_custom_meta_purple_page_number":"52","purple_seq_number":"1","purple_custom_meta_purple_seq_number":"1","purple_source_article":"article_52-1.xml","purple_custom_meta_purple_source_article":"article_52-1.xml","purple_source_issue":"April-2023","purple_custom_meta_purple_source_issue":"April-2023","purple_external_id":"April-2023-52-1","purple_custom_meta_purple_external_id":"April-2023-52-1","purple_issue_code":"|0000085643||","purple_custom_meta_purple_issue_code":"|0000085643||","purple_android_product":"com.im.historymag.293","purple_custom_meta_purple_android_product":"com.im.historymag.293","purple_ios_product":"com.im.historymag.293","purple_custom_meta_purple_ios_product":"com.im.historymag.293","purple_web_product":"","purple_custom_meta_purple_web_product":"","purple_publication_id":"de2d4977-6998-4200-99aa-454f8dbebdf9","purple_migrated":"","kt_blocks_editor_width":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"2023-04-24T14:34:40Z","apple_news_article-theme":"","apple_news_api_id":"fb337245-fba5-4c65-b9dd-38d2b43f123a","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2023-04-24T14:48:46Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/A-zNyRfulTGW53TjStD8SOg","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_is_hidden":false,"apple_news_is_paid":false,"apple_news_is_preview":false,"apple_news_is_sponsored":false,"apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_article_theme":"","apple_news_sections":"\"\""},"categories":[17],"tags":[46],"apple_news_notices":[],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2023\/03\/GettyImages-142085814_cmyk-e1678190642525.jpg","author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"15","apple_news_title":""},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2023\/03\/GettyImages-142085814_cmyk-e1678190642525.jpg",1687,1134,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2023\/03\/GettyImages-142085814_cmyk-e1678190642525-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2023\/03\/GettyImages-142085814_cmyk-e1678190642525-300x202.jpg",300,202,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2023\/03\/GettyImages-142085814_cmyk-e1678190642525-768x516.jpg",768,516,true],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2023\/03\/GettyImages-142085814_cmyk-e1678190642525-1024x688.jpg",800,538,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2023\/03\/GettyImages-142085814_cmyk-e1678190642525-1536x1032.jpg",1536,1032,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2023\/03\/GettyImages-142085814_cmyk-e1678190642525.jpg",1687,1134,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Life under the Mongols At the mercy of the mongols They pulled off one of the most astonishing campaigns of conquest in history. But how did they treat their subject populations once the dust had settled? Nicholas Morton examines what life was like under the Mongols One curious and less-well-known impact of the Mongol empire\u2019s…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22481"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=22481"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22481\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22896,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/22481\/revisions\/22896"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22713"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22481"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=22481"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=22481"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}