\u00c6thelfl\u00e6d is one of the few known women who not only held a role within the household as mother and lady, but also wielded power on the battlefield <\/blockquote> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div>\n<\/div>
In the 12th century, the historian Henry of Huntingdon declared \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d to be \u201cso powerful that in praise and exaltation of her wonderful gifts, some call her not only lady, but even king\u201d. He praised her as \u201cworthy of a man\u2019s name\u201d and \u201cmore illustrious than Caesar<\/a>\u201d. So why do we not know more about the Lady of the Mercians, and is it finally her time to shine?<\/p>\n

The Last Kingdom: everything you need to know<\/a><\/h4>\n
Find out how and where to watch season 5 of The Last Kingdom<\/em>, catch-up on seasons 1\u20134, and explore the real history that underpins the fictional adventures of Uhtred, son of Uhtred | Read more<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n
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\u00c6thelfl\u00e6d\u2019s early life<\/h3>\n
It is difficult to know when \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d was born. Her parents were married in AD 868 and she is thought to have been their first-born child. The time at which she came screaming into the world was one of turmoil. Just three years earlier, a Great Viking Army<\/a> had launched a massive assault on East Anglia. Then, over more than a decade, a coalition of Norse warriors took land in all the major Anglo-Saxon<\/a> kingdoms \u2013 except Wessex, which had so far managed to defy them.<\/p>\n
The Vikings<\/a>\u2018 purpose was to conquer the kingdoms completely, yet the battle of Edington in 878 stemmed the tide and a tentative alliance was drawn up, splitting the country in two between English-ruled territory and lands administered by the Danes (the Danelaw<\/a>). It was on to this tumultuous stage that \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d stepped.<\/p>\n
There is little information on her childhood, and she first appears in the historical record as a fully grown adult. By this time she is married to \u00c6thelred of Mercia. She is mentioned in Alfred\u2019s will, where he leaves her an estate plus 100 pounds, while her husband is bequeathed a precious sword.<\/p>\n
Read more | \u00c6thelwold: Alfred the Great\u2019s rebel nephew<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>
\u00c6thelfl\u00e6d and \u00c6thelred<\/h2>\n
As a wife, however, \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d\u2019s story is all too familiar in terms of royal dynastic marriages. Daughter of the king of Wessex and his wife (a Mercian noble, possibly royal, woman), \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d was a precious commodity.<\/p>\n
Her marriage to the much older \u00c6thelred, who had served Alfred as a loyal lieutenant, bound together the English-speaking kingdoms of Wessex and the newly reclaimed Mercia.<\/p>\n
Theirs was an entirely political union, designed to strengthen the two kingdoms against Danish and Norwegian incursions in the north. She could have faded from the records at this point, content to support her husband within the court and bear him many offspring.<\/p>\n
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Yet \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d wasn\u2019t about to be overshadowed by her husband. Instead, records report that she was signing diplomatic documents and presiding over provincial courts in place of \u00c6thelred.<\/p>\n
As he became increasingly ill she assumed more of his responsibilities, including arranging diplomatic agreements and refurbishing many of the towns. Concerned by the relocation of Viking settlers from the Irish coast to the northwest, \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d made two plans: on the one hand, she offered land for the Vikings to settle in the Wirral, and on the other instructed that the ancient Roman city of Chester be refortified in case they decided to press southwards into Mercia.<\/p>\n
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\u00c6thelfl\u00e6d went on to secure some of the most significant victories in battle of the early 10th century <\/blockquote> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div>\n<\/div>
Her caution was rewarded when in that same year, 907, the Wirral Vikings attacked Chester but failed to breach its walls. \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d\u2019s reputation as a canny ruler extended, not only through the English-speaking world, but over the waters, reaching the ears of her Viking foes. She was developing a name as a keen diplomat, an engaged ruler and a military strategist.<\/p>\n
While \u00c6thelred\u2019s health deteriorated, \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d took more responsibility for the military activities of Mercia. She understood the importance of aligning herself with other powerful rulers and supported her brother, Edward the Elder<\/a>, in his reconquest of Mercian territories in the Danelaw.<\/p>\n
\u00c6thelfl\u00e6d becomes the Lady of the Mercians<\/h2>\n
When \u00c6thelred died in 911, his wife was declared \u2018Lady of the Mercians\u2019 and took over control of the kingdom. In Wessex, the role of royal women was one of subservience: \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d\u2019s mother had only ever held the title of \u2018wife of the king\u2019 and signed no charters with her husband. \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d took advantage of a tradition that granted women in Mercia greater rights.<\/p>\n
Read more | 20 inspirational quotes from women through history<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>
To secure power in Anglo-Saxon England, you first needed the support of \u2018ealdormen\u2019 (high-ranking royal officials). It is telling that, rather than hand the kingdom to a male heir or succumb to Wessex, the ealdormen of Mercia chose \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d as their leader.<\/p>\n
Their choice was wise, since she secured some of the greatest victories in battle of the early 10th century. In 917 her troops reconquered the Viking city of Derby, a critical victory as this had been one of the \u2018Five Boroughs of the Danelaw\u2019. The next year she secured Leicester, and from there made her way towards the prestigious Viking-held city of York. As the Danes were ready to offer her their submission, she died (possibly of dysentery) on 12 June 918 and was taken to be buried with her husband at St Oswald\u2019s Priory in Gloucester.<\/p>\n
Securing the fealty of the Danes of York would have been \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d\u2019s ultimate achievement. Instead, it was the battle of Tettenhall (in modern-day Wolverhampton) eight years earlier in 910 that secured her image as victorious warrior queen.<\/p>\n
Back then, in retaliation for \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d and Edward\u2019s successful campaigns in the Danelaw, Viking troops had laid waste to large parts of Mercia, carrying off plunder and destroying the land. A joint Anglo-Saxon army headed them off at Tettenhall and massacred them there. Three Viking kings were reported to have been killed, and as a result, the image of \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d, warrior queen, bearing three royal swords was born.<\/p>\n
Read more | Why is Edward of Wessex called Edward the Elder? <\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>
As well as being a formidable warrior, \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d was also a shrewd ruler who set about extending the work of her father, Alfred, by strengthening his fortifications at Tamworth, Stafford and Warwick. Many of these cities owe their existence to her efforts.<\/p>\n
Like her father, she believed that the recently rejuvenated Anglo-Saxon kingdoms depended on the church and its divine favour to secure their reputation as worthy opponents to the Danish pagans. She invested in church buildings throughout Mercia, particularly in Gloucester, which she transformed from a derelict backwater to a vibrant town.<\/p>\n

Securing the fealty of the Danes of York would have been \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d\u2019s ultimate achievement <\/blockquote> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div>\n<\/div>
She brought extra prestige to her newly founded church there by securing a most precious relic: the body of the kingly Saint Oswald. His relics had languished in Viking-held Bardney in Lincolnshire, but \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d managed to return them to Mercia. Their arrival was accompanied by lavish ceremonies, and the Mercian Register credits \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d with returning this holy royal saint to English-held land.<\/p>\n
Was \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d a good ruler?<\/h2>\n
There is a wealth of evidence to support the contention that Mercia was a force to be reckoned with in the Anglo-Saxon period. Although difficult to date precisely, the Staffordshire Hoard<\/a> (which in 2009 became the largest cache of Anglo-Saxon gold ever discovered) is testament to Mercian hegemony in the eighth century. The power of bishoprics, like that at Lichfield, is attested to in the remarkable Gospel Book that survives from there and in the carved angel discovered in 2003: just a fragment of what would have been a lush and vibrant environment. While other kingdoms were ravaged by Viking incursions in the ninth century, parts of Mercia, like Worcester, remained strong and affluent.<\/p>\n
\u00c6thelfl\u00e6d, like her father, sought to strengthen the prestige of her kingdom by investing extensively in urban renewal, education (through the monasteries) and in the arts. She was also aware that her legacy would be protected by those who came after her. She ensured her daughter, \u00c6lfwynn, would succeed her, but also fostered her brother\u2019s son, who would become the great unifier of England, King \u00c6thelstan.<\/p>\n
\u00c6thelfl\u00e6d was not content to be simply a bearer of heirs. She gave her husband one daughter, but William of Malmesbury suggests she shied away from \u201cmarital obligations\u201d because of the risks she knew it posed her life. He records that she declined to have sex after bearing a daughter because it was \u201cunbecoming of the daughter of a king to give way to a delight which, after a time, produced such painful consequences\u201d.<\/p>\n
Read more | If King Alfred was great, was \u00c6thelstan even greater?<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>
\u00c6thelfl\u00e6d\u2019s legacy<\/h2>\n
Why do we not know more about \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d? For a start, it could be that her own brother had her largely written out of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle<\/em><\/a> so as not to promote separatism between Wessex and Mercia. However, she maintained a celebrated reputation \u2013 particularly, and surprisingly, under the Normans<\/a> \u2013 with chroniclers going out of their way to laud her military achievements.<\/p>\n
Yet, in the end, it was Boudicca who would come to captivate as \u2018warrior woman\u2019 under Elizabeth I<\/a>, possibly because of their legendary shared red hair. \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d\u2019s name languished over the following centuries, but was revived in 1913 with a statue in Tamworth erected to commemorate her achievements. Even so, she would constantly pale next to the name of her father, Alfred the Great, who English historians continued to celebrate as scourge of the Danes and saviour of England.<\/p>\n
\u00c6thelfl\u00e6d is as important now as she was more than a millennium ago. She is a rallying point to all those searching for strong female role models<\/a>. She was a product of her age, constrained by her time, yet she achieved so much. It is now that she should be remembered as mother, diplomat, warrior and queen. Now she should be celebrated in the words of William of Malmesbury, as a \u201cwoman of enlarged soul\u201d.<\/p>\n
Dr Janina Ramirez cultural historian, broadcaster and author, and president of Gloucester History Festival<\/strong><\/p>\n
This article was first published in the <\/em>June 2018 edition of BBC History Magazine<\/em><\/a><\/strong><\/p><\/body><\/html>\n
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