Playing football<\/h3>\n<\/div>
During the First World War<\/a>, with so many British men off fighting in Europe, women in Britain<\/a> rose to the challenge of filling in for their male counterparts. This happened not just in the workplace, but also on the football<\/a> pitch. As the war progressed, the women\u2019s version of the \u2018beautiful game\u2019 \u2013 which had slowly been growing in the 19th century \u2013 kicked off big time.<\/p>\n Formalised into leagues, women\u2019s football drew huge crowds, and the powerhouse team were undoubtedly Dick, Kerr\u2019s Ladies. Their Boxing Day<\/a> match in 1920 against St Helens was watched at Everton\u2019s Goodison Park by 53,000 fans, with another 14,000 outside trying to cram in.<\/p>\n But the war had ended by then, and there was a desire among many men to put society back to the way it had always been \u2013 with women in the home and, in terms of sports, relegated. In December 1921, the Football Association banned women\u2019s games on their grounds and forbade its members from acting as referees and linesmen. Women\u2019s football was effectively hobbled.<\/p>\n It was claimed that sport was unsuitable for women, with a (female) doctor stating it was \u201ctoo much for a woman\u2019s physical frame\u201d and could harm fertility. As one team captain put it, the ban was simply \u201csex prejudice\u201d. It would only be lifted in 1971, meaning women\u2019s football had been off the team for decades, while in the meantime the men\u2019s game only flourished. Primogeniture \u2013 the practice of passing down property and titles\u2013 has historically favoured men, with daughters only inheriting if there were no appropriate male descendants. In instances where a woman did <\/em>possess money or property in her own right, this would be acceded to her husband upon the event of their marriage.<\/p>\n Until fairly recently, a woman could only accede the British throne if she had no living brothers or surviving legitimate descendants of deceased brothers. In 2013, the Succession to the Crown Act was passed, meaning that royal sons no longer take precedence over their elder female siblings.<\/p>\n <\/p><\/div> <\/section> The author Jane Austen<\/a> famously wrote: \u201cIt is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.\u201d Indeed, the consequences of primogeniture (and the desire to preserve estates through male heirs) serve as a plot device in many of her novels. When there are no sons to inherit a family fortune \u2013\u00a0as in the case of Mr Bennet in Pride and Prejudice <\/em>and Sir Walter Elliot in Persuasion<\/em> \u2013 chaos ensues.<\/p>\n A wife in possession of a good fortune in Austen\u2019s day faced a rather different prospect. Rather than preserving her family line through marriage, she would be made to transfer all her assets to her husband once wed. This was, at least, the case until the late 19th century. The Married Women\u2019s Property Act 1870 was a revolutionary piece of legislation that allowed any money earned by a woman to be considered her own, regardless of her marital status. In 1922, an additional law came into place that allowed a husband and wife to inherit one another\u2019s property in the event of one of their deaths, although it wasn\u2019t until 1926 that women were allowed to inherit, own, and dispose of property in exactly the same terms as men. Women in the United Kingdom first gained the right to vote in 1918, although suffrage was initially limited to those over the age of 30 who were either owners of property or married to owners of property. The law that made it possible \u2013 the 1918 Representation of the People Act \u2013 was nonetheless a landmark moment in women\u2019s rights, not just because it enfranchised around 8.5m female voters, but also because it enabled women to sit in parliament for the first time. In December 1918, Countess Constance Markievicz became the first woman to be elected to the House of Commons \u2013 although as a member of Sinn F\u00e9in, she did not take her seat. As such, Nancy Astor<\/a> holds the title of the first woman to ever sit in the House of Commons; she was elected as MP for Plymouth Sutton in December 1919.<\/p>\n Even if you don\u2019t count childcare and domestic duties, many women throughout history have worked in some capacity and particularly those among the working classes. However there certainly were not the equal opportunities in the workplace that we might expect today \u2013\u00a0and even in countries that we would now consider socially liberal, women were prevented outright from holding certain positions.<\/p>\n In particular, it was considered improper for a woman to continue working in certain professions once she was married. This was called a marriage bar, and it was common in many western countries from the late 19th century to as recently as the 1970s. In the UK, marriage bars meant that married women couldn\u2019t work for Foreign Service until 1973 and the British Geographical Survey until 1975. Teaching and working for the BBC were also professions that prohibited married women, although these bars were removed earlier \u2013 in 1944.<\/p>\n According to a 1946 article in The Spectator<\/em><\/a>, <\/em>arguments in favour of marriage bars at the time included the idea that \u201cthe employment of married women takes employment from those who need it more\u201d and \u201cmarried women are less reliable and less \u2018mobile\u2019 than unmarried\u201d. In accordance with the Employment of Women, Young Persons, and Children Act 1920, working overnight was once illegal for women in Britain.<\/p>\n That women were barred from the night shift might seem surprising today, but in the early to mid-20th century people considered the ban to be progressive. According to Maurice Edelman, MP for Coventry North, the act was \u201cdesigned to protect women, among others, from the gross exploitation which so many of them had had to endure during the Industrial Revolution\u201d.<\/p>\n Edelman was speaking in a debate about Factory Night Work<\/a> held in December 1969, in which the question of women working overnight was raised. \u201cI hope nobody will imagine that to protect women from exploitation by limiting their right to work in inferior conditions in any way impinges on the principle of equal pay or equality of opportunity,\u201d he explained. \u201cNo civilised person would want women to work underground in pits.\u201d<\/p>\n The Trade Union Congress \u2013 who were also strongly against the idea of women working at night \u2013 suggested that women should be shielded from the perceived evils of night work because many of them were married and effectively working a multitude of jobs (keeping a house and husband as well as looking after children). Nowadays, both genders can partake in the night shift, although those between the ages of 16 and 17 are not allowed to work between midnight and 4am. Until 1982, it was legal for the proprietor of a British pub to refuse service to a woman \u2013 and not because she\u2019d had enough alcohol already, but simply because of her sex. Some pubs were entirely \u2018men-only\u2019, but even those that were not exclusively male generally wouldn\u2019t allow female customers to go in alone. Instead, they would sit in a dedicated snug \u2013 a separate room with frosted windows \u2013 to wait to be served or for drinks to be brought to them by their male companions.<\/p>\n It was the Industrial Revolution that changed the dynamic of pubs, which historically had been more inclusive. With multitudes of working men pouring out of the factories, mills and mines, it was deemed necessary for them to have their own watering holes. This established such an unwelcoming precedent that the sight of a woman standing at a bar usually came to mean she was a prostitute.<\/p>\n The landmark change wouldn\u2019t come until the early 1980s. A solicitor named Tess Gill and journalist, Anna Coote, were banned from El Vino<\/em> on Fleet Street, London, just for standing up alongside their male colleagues, rather than sitting at the back. They decided enough was enough, took their case to the Court of Appeal and won, calling time on the sexist practice. The original Olympic Games<\/a> in ancient Greece were all-male affairs and the introduction of the modern Games in 1896<\/a>, held in Athens, saw no difference. Its organiser, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, had previously declared that the participation of women would be \u201cimpractical, uninteresting, unaesthetic and incorrect\u201d \u2013 although fortunately this was an attitude that did not prevail.<\/p>\n Perhaps Coubertin had a change of heart, as women were permitted to take part at the very next games in Paris four years later \u2013\u00a0albeit in a limited capacity. Of the 997 athletes present at the 1900 Olympics, just 22 were women. They competed in five sports: tennis, sailing, croquet, equestrian and golf.<\/p>\n Women\u2019s involvement in the Olympics has steadily increased throughout the 20th century, although there are still a handful of sports in which there are still no female athletes (decathlon, Greco-Roman wrestling, and one-person dinghy (heavyweight). Since 1991, all new sports joining the programme are obliged to include women\u2019s events, but it wasn\u2019t until London 2012 that every participating country fielded female athletes for the first time.![\"""\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2022\/04\/GettyImages-548138365-7d22258.jpg?quality=90&resize=571%2C413"\" "\\"\"\"\\"\/")
<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>Inheriting and owning property<\/h3>\n<\/div>
Did you know?\u00a0<\/h4>\n
Sitting in the House of Commons<\/h3>\n<\/div>
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<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>Working (when married)<\/h3>\n<\/div>
\u00a0<\/em>Working (the night shift)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>
Being served in a pub<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>
It was the Industrial Revolution that changed the dynamic of pubs, which historically had been more inclusive <\/blockquote> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div>\n<\/div>
Competing in the Olympics<\/h3>\n<\/div>
Running the Boston Marathon<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>
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