{"id":17576,"date":"2022-09-01T08:26:17","date_gmt":"2022-09-01T06:26:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/?p=214722"},"modified":"2022-09-01T08:46:24","modified_gmt":"2022-09-01T06:46:24","slug":"monarchy-timeline-from-hastings-to-the-windsors-in-122-moments","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/rss_feed\/monarchy-timeline-from-hastings-to-the-windsors-in-122-moments\/","title":{"rendered":"Monarchy timeline: from Hastings to the Windsors in 122 moments"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>

By Tracy Borman\n \t\t<\/p>

Published: Thursday, 01 September 2022 at 12:00 am<\/p>

\n\n

Hastings to Magna Carta, 1066\u20131215<\/h2>\n
1<\/span>

1066, Edward the Confessor dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Edward the Confessor<\/a> dies, and the English throne is taken by his brother-in-law, Harold Godwinson<\/a>.\u00a0Harold sees off a Norwegian contender but is defeated by William of Normandy at the battle of Hastings<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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William of Normandy. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
2<\/span>

1069, the \u2018Harrying of the North\u2019<\/h3>\n<\/div>

When a new revolt breaks out in northern England, William the Conqueror<\/a> responds by burning villages to the ground, destroying crops and livestock, and slaughtering thousands of men and women in a campaign dubbed the \u2018Harrying of the North<\/a>\u2018.<\/p>

3<\/span>

1086, the Domesday Book is completed<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The Domesday Book<\/a> is completed. This vast survey of William\u2019s kingdom is meant to assess its wealth and settle arguments about landownership after 20 years of conquest.<\/p>\n

This timeline was written by Tracy Borman as part of a five-part video series that charts the changing fortunes of the monarchy<\/strong><\/a>, from the bloody Norman conquest of 1066 through the upheaval of civil war in the 17th century to the reign of our current queen, Elizabeth II.<\/p>\n

Watch all episodes now<\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\n

<\/p><\/div>

\""MC_TracyBorman_Newsletter"\"<\/div><\/div> <\/div> <\/section><\/p>
4<\/span>

1087, William the Conqueror dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

William is injured (or falls ill) while defending against a French invasion of Normandy, and dies on 9 September. His eldest son, Robert Curthose, becomes Duke of Normandy; England passes to William\u2019s second surviving son, who becomes William II, known as William Rufus.<\/p>\n

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William Rufus. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
5<\/span>

1096, the First Crusade<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Many Normans depart for the Holy Land on the First Crusade<\/a>. These include Robert Curthose, who cedes Normandy to his younger brother, William Rufus.<\/p>

6<\/span>

1100, William II dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

William Rufus is struck by an arrow and killed<\/a> while hunting in the New Forest. The throne passes to his younger brother, Henry I, who is crowned just three days later.<\/p>\n

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Henry I. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
7<\/span>

1101, Robert Curthose gives up his claim<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Robert Curthose invades England but concludes a treaty with his brother, Henry I, in which he agrees to relinquish his claim to the English throne in return for custody of Henry\u2019s lands in Normandy.<\/p>

8<\/span>

1120, the White Ship disaster<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry\u2019s only legitimate son, William the \u00c6theling, is drowned while sailing from Normandy to England<\/a>. To prepare his daughter Matilda<\/a> to succeed him, Henry marries her to Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou.<\/p>\n

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The White Ship disaster, as depicted in a 14th-century manuscript. (Images by Alamy)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
9<\/span>

1135, Henry I dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry dies in Normandy on 1 December. Many of his barons reject the rule of Matilda and instead crown her cousin, Stephen, as England\u2019s new king. | Read more about the Anarchy<\/a><\/strong><\/p>

10<\/span>

1141, the Anarchy rages<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Matilda\u2019s army defeats Stephen\u2019s at the battle of Lincoln, but she is never officially crowned. A few months later her cousin\u2019s forces take the upper hand once more.<\/p>\n

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Eleanor of Aquitaine, shown with her husband, Henry II. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
11<\/span>

1152, Eleanor of Aquitaine marries<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Matilda\u2019s eldest son, Henry of Anjou, marries Eleanor of Aquitaine<\/a>, one of the wealthiest and most powerful women in western Europe. The pair wield authority over a vast empire.<\/p>

12<\/span>

1154, the Anarchy ends<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Stephen\u2019s death ends the vicious civil war, a year after he signed the Treaty of Wallingford recognising as his heir Matilda\u2019s son, who takes the throne as Henry II<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Henry II. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
13<\/span>

1170, the murder of Thomas Becket<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Thomas Becket<\/a>, archbishop of Canterbury, is murdered at Canterbury Cathedral by four of Henry II\u2019s soldiers. Thomas\u2019 death sends shockwaves across Catholic Europe and prompts Henry to make a show\nof penance.<\/p>

14<\/span>

1173, the barons rebel<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry II faces an uprising led by his eldest sons and rebellious barons, with support from overseas \u2013 and from his own wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine. Henry eventually crushes the revolt and imprisons Eleanor for the rest of his reign.<\/p>

15<\/span>

1189, Henry II dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry II falls ill while fighting in France, and dies on 6 July. The throne passes to his eldest surviving son, Richard \u201cthe Lionheart<\/a>\u201d. Anti-Jewish riots mar Richard\u2019s coronation celebrations in September.<\/p>\n

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Richard \u201cthe Lionheart\u201d. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
16<\/span>

1190, Jews are massacred<\/h3>\n<\/div>

As soon as Richard leaves England for his first crusade, further riots break out, culminating in the massacre of the entire Jewish population of York<\/a>.<\/p>

17<\/span>

1199, Richard I dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Richard dies<\/a> after being shot in the shoulder with a crossbow bolt while defending his Angevin lands against the French king. He is succeeded as king of England and Duke of Normandy by his brother, King John<\/a>.<\/p>

18<\/span>

1204, King John loses Normandy<\/h3>\n<\/div>

John loses Normandy to the French, bringing to an end the mighty Anglo-Norman empire established by William the Conqueror.<\/p>\n

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King John. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
19<\/span>

1211, a plot against the king<\/h3>\n<\/div>

John suppresses a Welsh rising with customary brutality. Soon afterwards, he learns of a plot against his life involving some of his most powerful magnates and officials.<\/p>

20<\/span>

1215, King John seals Magna Carta<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Rebellious barons force John to sign Magna Carta<\/a>, a sweeping defence of civil liberties against incursions by the crown. This has far-reaching consequences, permanently changing the relationship between monarch and subjects.<\/p>\n

The Plantagenets, 1216\u20131485<\/h2>\n
21<\/span>

1216, King John dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

King John dies of dysentery at Newark after losing part of his baggage train (though not, as legend would have it, the crown jewels) in the Wash estuary. He is succeeded by his son, Henry.<\/p>\n

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King John. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
22<\/span>

1245, Westminster Abbey rebuilt<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry III<\/a> begins rebuilding Westminster Abbey at a cost of almost \u00a355,000 (equivalent to around \u00a340 million today). The abbey hosts the crowning of the nation\u2019s monarchs for the next 700 years.<\/p>

23<\/span>

1258, the barons rebel<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Powerful barons, including Simon de Montfort, force Henry III to accept the Provisions of Oxford, effectively making his rule subject to the barons.<\/p>

24<\/span>

1265, Simon de Montfort is defeated<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry III\u2019s eldest son and heir, Prince Edward defeats Simon de Montfort<\/a> at Evesham. Edward becomes king upon the death of his father seven years later.<\/p>

25<\/span>

1284, the Statute of Wales<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Having previously defeated rebel Welsh leader Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Edward I is instrumental in pushing through the Statute of Wales, making the principality almost entirely subject to English administration, government and law. | Read more about <\/strong>the conquest of Wales<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

26<\/span>

1290, Eleanor of Castile dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Edward\u2019s beloved consort, Eleanor of Castile, dies near Lincoln. The king orders memorial crosses to be built at each place her body rests on its way to Westminster Abbey for burial.<\/p>\n

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Eleanor of Castile. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
27<\/span>

1295, the Model Parliament forces change<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The so-called Model Parliament forces Edward to concede that no further taxation can be raised without the \u201cgood will and assent\u201d of parliament \u2013 a pivotal moment in the history of the crown\u2019s relationship with parliament.<\/p>

28<\/span>

1296, Edward I conquers Scotland<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Edward conquers Scotland in just 21 weeks, ousting John Balliol from the throne and earning the sobriquet Malleus Scotorum (\u201cHammer of the Scots\u201d). Ten years later, Edward\u2019s rule in Scotland is overthrown by Robert Bruce<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Robert the Bruce at Bannockburn. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
29<\/span>

1307, Edward II becomes king<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Edward I dies and his son takes the throne as Edward II. One of his first acts is to recall his favourite, Piers Gaveston, from exile. Five years later, Gaveston is summarily executed by a group of powerful nobles.<\/p>

30<\/span>

1314, the battle of Bannockburn<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Edward II\u2019s army suffers a crushing defeat to the Scots at Bannockburn. The shameful episode will haunt him for the rest of his reign.<\/p>

31<\/span>

1321, the Despensers are attacked<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The uneasy peace that had been established between Edward and his nobles is shattered when the lands of the king\u2019s new favourites, the Despensers, are attacked, and England is plunged into civil war.<\/p>

32<\/span>

1327, Edward II is deposed<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Edward II is deposed by his wife, Isabella of France<\/a>, and her lover, Roger Mortimer. His 14-year-old son is proclaimed king as Edward III<\/a>. The ousted Edward is held prisoner at Berkeley Castle, where he dies in September.<\/p>\n

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The battle of Cr\u00e9cy. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
33<\/span>

1346, the battle of Cr\u00e9cy<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Edward III draws first blood in the Hundred Years\u2019 War<\/a> when he bests the French at Cr\u00e9cy<\/a>. He later founds the Order of the Garter (complete with French motto) to promote his claim to the French throne.<\/p>

34<\/span>

1348, the Black Death strikes<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The bubonic plague \u2013 or Black Death<\/a>, as it became known \u2013 wipes out at least one-third of England\u2019s population in just over a year. It is the most devastating epidemic the world had ever experienced.<\/p>\n

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The Black Death. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
35<\/span>

1376, the Black Prince dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Edward III\u2019s eldest son, known as the Black Prince<\/a>, dies, and the prince\u2019s young son becomes next in line to the throne. He is crowned Richard II upon the death of his grandfather the following year.<\/p>

36<\/span>

1381, the Peasants\u2019 Revolt<\/h3>\n<\/div>

A new poll tax sparks the Peasants\u2019 Revolt<\/a> led by Wat Tyler, who marches on London with 20,000 men. Richard II personally intervenes to bring the situation under control.<\/p>\n

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Wat Tyler leads the Peasants\u2019 Revolt. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
37<\/span>

1399, Richard II is deposed<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Richard II is deposed by his cousin, Henry Bolingbroke<\/a> (who rules as Henry IV), eldest son of Edward III\u2019s fourth son, John of Gaunt<\/a>. This act dangerously destabilises the crown.<\/p>

38<\/span>

1403, the battle of Shrewsbury<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry IV defeats a rebel army led by Henry Percy (nicknamed Harry Hotspur) of Northumberland at the battle of Shrewsbury \u2013 the first clash in which English archers fight each other on English soil.<\/p>

39<\/span>

1413, Henry V plans war<\/h3>\n<\/div>

On the death of his father, Henry V<\/a> becomes king and immediately begins planning a campaign against France. Two years later he is victorious at Agincourt<\/a> \u2013 the most celebrated battle in English history.<\/p>\n

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The battle of Agincourt. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
40<\/span>

1422, Henry V dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry V dies while on campaign in France. The throne passes to his nine-month-old son, also Henry. As he grows to maturity, it becomes clear that Henry VI<\/a> is ill-suited for kingship.<\/p>

41<\/span>

1455, the Wars of the Roses begin<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Royal forces are crushed by those of Richard, Duke of York<\/a> (a great-grandson of Edward III) at St Albans, marking the start of the Wars of the Roses<\/a> between the houses of Lancaster and York.<\/p>\n

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Edward IV. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
42<\/span>

1461, Henry VI is deposed<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry VI is deposed by York\u2019s eldest son, who is crowned Edward IV<\/a>. The latter is briefly deposed in 1470, but Henry VI is murdered within a year of his restoration and Edward retakes the throne.<\/p>

43<\/span>

1483, the Princes in the Tower disappear<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Edward IV dies. His young son succeeds him as Edward V, with his uncle Richard as lord protector. Edward and his brother Richard disappear in the Tower of London<\/a>, and their uncle\u00a0is proclaimed king as Richard III<\/a>. | Read more about the Princes in the Tower<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"""\"<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>
The Princes in the Tower. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
44<\/span>

1485, the battle of Bosworth<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Richard III is defeated by Henry Tudor<\/a> at the battle of Bosworth<\/a>, bringing an end to the York dynasty.<\/p>\n

The Tudors and Stuarts, 1485\u20131649<\/h2>\n
45<\/span>

1485, Henry VII begins the Tudor dynasty<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry VII becomes the first Tudor<\/a> monarch of England. The following year he marries Edward IV\u2019s eldest child, Elizabeth of York<\/a>, to unite the warring houses of Lancaster and York<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Henry VII. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
46<\/span>

1487, the battle of Stoke Field<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The forces of Henry VII defeat those of the pretender Lambert Simnel<\/a> at Stoke Field<\/a> \u2013 commonly regarded as the last battle of the Wars of the Roses.<\/p>

47<\/span>

1502, the Tudor heir dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry VII\u2019s eldest son, Arthur Tudor<\/a>, dies a few months after marrying Catherine of Aragon<\/a>. After his second son, also Henry, becomes king seven years later, the new monarch takes his late brother\u2019s widow as his wife.<\/p>\n

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Elizabeth of York. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
48<\/span>

1513, Henry VIII sees victory at war<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry VIII<\/a> triumphs over the French at the battle of the Spurs near Calais. Shortly afterwards, his army claims a more significant victory over the Scottish at Flodden<\/a>.<\/p>

49<\/span>

1520, the Field of the Cloth of Gold<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry VIII and his greatest rival, Francis I of France, meet at the Field of the Cloth of Gold<\/a> in a summit intended to cement the peace between their countries \u2013 but they are soon at war again.<\/p>\n

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The Field of the Cloth of Gold. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
50<\/span>

1533, Henry marries Anne Boleyn<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn<\/a> in January; the annulment of his first marriage is passed in May. Anne gives birth to a daughter, the future Queen Elizabeth I<\/a>, in September.<\/p>

51<\/span>

1534, Henry becomes head of a new church<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry VIII is declared supreme head of the new Church of England, separating his kingdom from Rome. The dissolution of the monasteries begins two years later.<\/p>

52<\/span>

1536, Anne Boleyn loses her head<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Anne Boleyn is executed<\/a> on trumped-up charges of adultery and treason. An Act of Union makes Wales part of England. Henry marries Jane Seymour<\/a>, who gives birth to a son, the future Edward VI<\/a>, the following year but dies 12 days later.<\/p>\n

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Anne Boleyn. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
53<\/span>

1540, Thomas Cromwell is executed<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry VIII\u2019s chief minister, Thomas Cromwell<\/a>, is executed for treason<\/a> on the same day that the king marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard.<\/p>

54<\/span>

1547, Henry VIII dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Henry VIII dies<\/a>, leaving the throne to his nine-year-old son Edward, a staunch Protestant.<\/p>

55<\/span>

1549, the Book of Common Prayer is established<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Parliament passes an Act of Uniformity, establishing the Book of Common Prayer as the only legal form of worship. The king\u2019s uncle and former lord protector, Edward Seymour, is executed<\/a> after a coup by his rival, John Dudley.<\/p>

56<\/span>

1553, the reign of the \u2018nine days queen\u2019<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The dying king alters the succession in favour of his cousin, Lady Jane Grey<\/a>. She reigns for just nine days before Edward\u2019s elder half-sister, Mary, takes the throne.<\/p>\n

\"""\"<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>
Lady Jane Grey is executed. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
57<\/span>

1554, Mary Tudor marries<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Mary marries Philip<\/a> of Spain, with their betrothal sparking a rebellion led by Thomas Wyatt. Although they are not involved in the plot, Lady Jane Grey is executed and Mary\u2019s half-sister Elizabeth is imprisoned.<\/p>

58<\/span>

1555, \u2018Bloody Mary\u2019 earns her nickname<\/h3>\n<\/div>

In an attempt to return England to the Roman Catholic fold, Mary I<\/a> orders the burning of Protestants. By 1558, some 290 \u201cheretics\u201d have been put to death, and the queen earns the sobriquet \u201cBloody Mary<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>

59<\/span>

1558, Elizabeth I comes to the throne<\/h3>\n<\/div>

In January, England loses Calais, its last outpost in France. Mary dies in November, leaving the throne to Elizabeth I.<\/p>\n

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Elizabeth I and her court. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
60<\/span>

1559, religious divisions deepen<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Another Act of Uniformity is passed, aiming to resolve the deep religious divisions within England.<\/p>

61<\/span>

1568, Mary, Queen of Scots seeks sanctuary<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Mary, Queen of Scots<\/a>, Elizabeth\u2019s greatest rival, seeks sanctuary in England after being forced to abdicate in 1567. Kept prisoner for the following 19 years, Mary is executed in 1587 for her involvement in the Babington conspiracy.<\/p>

62<\/span>

1577, Francis Drake begins his journey<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Francis Drake begins his circumnavigation of the globe, becoming the second person to complete it, in 1580.<\/p>

63<\/span>

1588, the defeat of the Spanish Armada<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Philip II of Spain launches an Armada<\/a> against England. It is the biggest threat England has faced since 1066<\/a> but is defeated by the navy \u2013 and the weather.<\/p>

64<\/span>

1603, the end of the Tudors<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Elizabeth dies at Richmond Palace, aged 69 \u2013 and with her the Tudor dynasty. The throne passes to the son of Mary, Queen of Scots, who unites the crowns of Scotland and England as James VI and I<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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James VI and I. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
65<\/span>

1605, the gunpowder plot is thwarted<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The gunpowder plot<\/a> \u2013 an attempt by a group of discontented Catholics to blow up the king and his parliament \u2013 is discovered by the authorities a few hours before it is carried out.<\/p>

66<\/span>

1607, a British colony is founded in North America<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Jamestown is founded in the new colony of Virginia \u2013 the first permanent British settlement in North America.<\/p>\n

\"""\"<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>
William Shakespeare. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
67<\/span>

1616, Shakespeare dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

William Shakespeare<\/a> dies. Sir Walter Ralegh<\/a> is released from the Tower of London after 13 years, and departs to lead an expedition to the fabled \u201cCity of Gold\u201d, El Dorado, believed to be in South America. The expedition fails, and Ralegh is executed<\/a> in 1618.<\/p>

68<\/span>

1625, Charles I comes to the throne<\/h3>\n<\/div>

James VI and I dies and is succeeded by his son, Charles I<\/a>, whose relationship with parliament is stormy from the beginning. In 1629, Charles dissolves parliament and rules without it for 11 years.<\/p>\n

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Charles I. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
69<\/span>

1628, George Villiers is assassinated<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The widely despised royal favourite George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, is assassinated by a disgruntled soldier.<\/p>

70<\/span>

1642, Civil War is sparked<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Charles is refused entry to Hull by the city\u2019s parliamentary governor, Sir John Hotham, sparking the start of the Civil War between king and parliament.<\/p>

71<\/span>

1649, King Charles I is executed<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Charles is put on trial by Oliver Cromwell<\/a> and his parliamentarian supporters on 20 January. Although he refuses to recognise the legality of the trial, Charles is found guilty and executed 10 days later. The conflict ends with victory for the parliamentarians\u00a0two years later.<\/p>\n

Restoration to Regency, 1660\u20131837<\/h2>\n
72<\/span>

1660, the monarchy is restored<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The Commonwealth (the British republic) ends when the son of Charles I is invited to take the throne as Charles II<\/a>. The following year, the new king has the remains of Oliver Cromwell exhumed and beheaded.<\/p>\n

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Charles II. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
73<\/span>

1665, the Great Plague strikes<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The Great Plague<\/a> rages across London, claiming an estimated 100,000 lives \u2013 perhaps almost a quarter of the city\u2019s population.<\/p>

74<\/span>

1666, London is devastated by the Great Fire<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The Great Fire of London<\/a>, which begins in a bakery on Pudding Lane, wreaks devastation across the capital. Charles II appoints Sir Christopher Wren to rebuild the city, including a new St Paul\u2019s Cathedral.<\/p>\n

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c (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
75<\/span>

1685, Charles II dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Charles II dies with no legitimate heirs, and the throne passes to his brother, James II and VII. The late king\u2019s illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, launches a rebellion but is defeated and executed.<\/p>

76<\/span>

1688, the \u2018Glorious Revolution\u2019<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Protestant politicians invite\u00a0William of Orange to take the throne as William III<\/a>, with wife Mary, eldest daughter of James II and VII. He invades in the \u201cGlorious Revolution<\/a>\u201d, and James flees to France.<\/p>\n

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Portraits of William III and Mary II, the only joint sovereigns in British history. (Images by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
77<\/span>

1689, Britain becomes a constitutional monarchy<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The Bill of Rights is passed, whereby the crown cedes virtually all its political power to parliament. Britain becomes a constitutional monarchy.<\/p>

78<\/span>

1701, an act restricts succession to Protestants<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The Act of Settlement determines that the British throne will henceforth pass only to Protestant heirs, thereby disinheriting James and his descendants.<\/p>

79<\/span>

1702, Queen Anne\u2019s reign begins<\/h3>\n<\/div>

William III dies, some eight years after his wife, and the throne passes to his sister-in-law, Anne<\/a>, the second daughter of James II and VII.<\/p>\n

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Queen Anne. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
80<\/span>

1704, the battle of Blenheim<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The allied armies of England, the Dutch Republic and the Holy Roman Empire<\/a> win a celebrated victory over a combined French-Bavarian army at Blenheim<\/a>, Bavaria.<\/p>

81<\/span>

1707, the Act of Union is passed<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The Act of Union is passed whereby England and Scotland are \u201cUnited into One Kingdom by the Name of Great Britain\u201d.<\/p>

82<\/span>

1714, the house of Hanover succeeds Queen Anne<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Queen Anne, the last Stuart monarch, dies and is succeeded by George, elector of Hanover. A Jacobite rising<\/a> the following year attempts to replace George I with James II\u2019s son James Edward Stuart, known as the \u201cOld Pretender\u201d.<\/p>\n

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George I. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
83<\/span>

1720, the South Sea Bubble bursts<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The collapse of the investment speculation frenzy dubbed the South Sea Bubble wreaks financial ruin on many, but it paves the way for Robert Walpole<\/a>, who is instrumental in resolving the crisis, to become Britain\u2019s first prime minister.<\/p>

84<\/span>

1727, George I dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

George I dies while on a visit to Hanover and is succeeded by his eldest son and namesake.<\/p>

85<\/span>

1743, George II heads into battle<\/h3>\n<\/div>

George II<\/a> becomes the last British monarch to lead his troops into battle when he takes part in a conflict at Dettingen, part of the War of the Austrian Succession.<\/p>

86<\/span>

1746, the Jacobite cause is defeated<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The Jacobites are routed at Culloden<\/a>, putting an end to hopes that a Stuart could take back the throne. In the patriotic fervour that follows, the song \u2018God Save the King<\/a>\u2019, later known as the National Anthem, is popularised.<\/p>

87<\/span>

1760, George III comes to the throne<\/h3>\n<\/div>

George II dies at Kensington Palace and \u2013 his eldest son, Frederick, having died nine years earlier \u2013 is succeeded by his grandson as George III.<\/p>\n

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George III. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
88<\/span>

1761, Buckingham House becomes a royal residence<\/h3>\n<\/div>

George III purchases Buckingham House as a residence for himself and his growing family. It is later transformed into Buckingham Palace<\/a>, still the principal seat of the monarchy.<\/p>

89<\/span>

1772, royal marriages are restricted<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The Royal Marriages Act forbids the marriage of any member of the royal family under the age of 25 without the monarch\u2019s approval. Its repercussions will reverberate down the centuries.<\/p>

90<\/span>

1781, British sovereignty in America comes to an end<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The American War of Independence<\/a> culminates in the siege of Yorktown<\/a>, at which British troops are defeated. British sovereignty in America officially ends two years later.<\/p>\n

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The siege of Yorktown. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
91<\/span>

1800, George III reigns over Great Britain and Ireland<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The British and Irish parliaments pass an Act of Union, which comes into effect on 1 January 1801. George III is subsequently proclaimed king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.<\/p>

92<\/span>

1805, victory for Nelson at Trafalgar<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Admiral Nelson<\/a> wins a celebrated victory over Napoleon Bonaparte<\/a>\u2019s fleet at Trafalgar<\/a> on the south-west coast of Spain in October, ending the threat of invasion. Ten years later, the Duke of Wellington\u2019s victory at Waterloo<\/a> ends the long-running wars with France.<\/p>\n

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The battle of Trafalgar. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
93<\/span>

1811, the Regency begins<\/h3>\n<\/div>

George III becomes incapacitated by \u201cmadness\u201d<\/a>, and his eldest son and namesake becomes regent.<\/p>

94<\/span>

1817, Princess Charlotte dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The Prince Regent\u2019s only legitimate child, Princess Charlotte<\/a>, dies in childbirth, plunging the succession into crisis.<\/p>\n

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The Prince Regent and future George IV. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
95<\/span>

1820, George VI comes to the throne<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The Prince Regent becomes George IV<\/a> upon the death of his father. In poor health after a lifetime of excess, he reigns for just 10 years and is succeeded by his brother as William IV<\/a>.<\/p>

96<\/span>

1837, a young Victoria becomes queen<\/h3>\n<\/div>

William IV dies, content in the knowledge that his niece Alexandrina Victoria has recently turned 18, so her mother (whom he despises) will not become regent. She rules as Queen Victoria<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Young Queen Victoria. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n

Victorians to Windsors, 1837\u20132022<\/h2>\n
97<\/span>

1840, Victoria and Albert marry<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Victoria marries her cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha<\/a>. Their first child, Victoria (known as Vicky), is born the same year. They go on to have a total of nine children<\/a>, 42 grandchildren<\/a> and 87 great-grandchildren.<\/p>

98<\/span>

1845, Ireland is devastated by famine<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The Great Famine in Ireland<\/a>, which ensued after potato crops failed as a result of the fungal infection known as blight, causes the deaths of more than a million people. Another million emigrate, many to North America.<\/p>

99<\/span>

1851, the Great Exhibition<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The Great Exhibition<\/a>, brainchild of Prince Albert and civil servant Henry Cole, opens in the magnificent Crystal Palace<\/a> in Hyde Park, showcasing the cream of 19th-century industry and culture.<\/p>\n

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The 1851 Great Exhibition. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
100<\/span>

1857, an Indian mutiny ends in violence<\/h3>\n<\/div>

A violent uprising launched by sepoys serving in the East India Company<\/a>\u2019s army poses a considerable threat to British rule in India and leads to terrible bloodshed on both sides. Twenty years later, Victoria becomes empress of India<\/a>.<\/p>

101<\/span>

1861, Prince Albert dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Prince Albert dies<\/a>, possibly of typhoid fever, aged just 42. In her grief, Victoria largely retreats from public royal duties<\/a> for more than a decade.<\/p>

102<\/span>

1897, Victoria celebrates 60 years of rule<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Victoria celebrates her diamond jubilee. She makes a six-mile procession by carriage through London, witnessed by vast crowds of well-wishers and troops from all over the empire.<\/p>\n

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Queen Victoria. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
103<\/span>

1901, Queen Victoria dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Victoria dies<\/a> at Osborne House<\/a>, her holiday home on the Isle of Wight, having reigned for longer than\u00a0any monarch before her. She is succeeded by her eldest son, \u201cBertie\u201d, who is crowned Edward VII.<\/p>

104<\/span>

1910, George V comes to the throne<\/h3>\n<\/div>

On the death of Edward VII, his eldest surviving son takes the throne as George V<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Edward VII. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
105<\/span>

1914, WW1 begins<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The First World War<\/a> begins. Lasting four years, it claims the lives of around 9 million military personnel and 13 million civilians.<\/p>

106<\/span>

1917, the name Windsor is adopted<\/h3>\n<\/div>

To address widespread public disquiet about his family\u2019s German origins, George V issues a royal proclamation that all descendants of Queen Victoria will henceforth bear the family name Windsor<\/a>.<\/p>

107<\/span>

1924, Ramsay MacDonald becomes prime minister<\/h3>\n<\/div>

George V invites Ramsay MacDonald to become Britain\u2019s first Labour prime minister.<\/p>

108<\/span>

1932, the first royal Christmas speech<\/h3>\n<\/div>

George V establishes a new tradition for monarchs: the royal Christmas message<\/a>, broadcast first on BBC radio. This first message was written by Rudyard Kipling and delivered from Sandringham.<\/p>\n

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George V sits at a radio. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
109<\/span>

1936, Edward VIII abdicates<\/h3>\n<\/div>

George V dies in January and is succeeded by his eldest son, who reigns as Edward VIII<\/a> but abdicates in December so that he can marry the American divorcee Wallis Simpson<\/a>. The throne passes to his brother \u201cBertie\u201d, who becomes George VI.<\/p>

110<\/span>

1939, Britain goes to war<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Britain declares war on Nazi Germany<\/a>, and another global conflict ensues. The following year, Buckingham Palace is bombed \u2013 the first of nine such occasions \u2013 and the king\u2019s study narrowly avoids destruction.<\/p>

111<\/span>

1945, Victory in Europe<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Victory in Europe is declared, prompting wild celebrations across Britain. The king and his family appear several times on the balcony of Buckingham Palace.<\/p>\n

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The royals on the balcony of Buckingham Palace. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
112<\/span>

1952, Elizabeth II comes to the throne<\/h3>\n<\/div>

George VI dies, aged 56. His eldest daughter, Elizabeth, who is married to Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark, ascends the throne as Elizabeth II<\/a>. Her coronation<\/a> the following year is the first in British history to be televised.<\/p>

113<\/span>

1955, Princess Margaret courts controversy<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The Queen\u2019s sister, Princess Margaret<\/a>, announces that she will not marry Peter Townsend, a divorcee, after a controversial courtship.<\/p>\n

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Queen Elizabeth and Prince Philip on the queen\u2019s coronation day. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
114<\/span>

1969, a royal documentary falls flat<\/h3>\n<\/div>

A fly-on-the-wall documentary, Royal Family<\/em>, is broadcast by the BBC. It is a PR disaster and the Queen later limits its transmission. Her eldest son, Charles, is invested as Prince of Wales<\/a> shortly afterwards.<\/p>

115<\/span>

1981, Charles and Diana marry<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Prince Charles<\/a> marries Lady Diana Spencer<\/a>. They go on to have two sons, William and Harry, but their marriage unravels on a very public stage, with infidelity on both sides.<\/p>\n

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Prince Charles and Diana, Princess of Wales, kiss on their wedding day. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
116<\/span>

1992, an \u201cannus horribilis\u201d<\/h3>\n<\/div>

The Queen\u2019s \u201cannus horribilis\u201d sees the collapse of three of her children\u2019s marriages \u2013 that of Princess Anne<\/a> to Mark Phillips, Prince Andrew to Sarah Ferguson and Prince Charles to Diana \u2013 as well as a devastating fire at Windsor Castle.<\/p>

117<\/span>

1997, Diana, Princess of Wales dies in a car crash<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Diana, Princess of Wales and her lover, Dodi Fayed, are killed in a car crash in Paris, plunging the country into mourning<\/a>.<\/p>

118<\/span>

2011, Prince William marries<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Prince William marries Catherine Middleton at Westminster Abbey<\/a>. That year, a new bill stipulates that age always takes precedence in the royal succession, irrespective of gender.<\/p>\n

\"""\"<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>
Young Princess Elizabeth and the Duke of Edinburgh. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n
119<\/span>

2015, Elizabeth II reign breaks records<\/h3>\n<\/div>

On 10 September, Elizabeth II becomes the longest-reigning monarch in British history, superseding Victoria\u2019s record of 63 years and 216 days.<\/p>

120<\/span>

2018, Prince Harry and Megan Markle marry<\/h3>\n<\/div>

William\u2019s younger brother, Harry, marries Meghan Markle, an American actor. Less than two years later they create shockwaves by announcing their departure from royal duties.<\/p>

121<\/span>

2021, Prince Philip dies<\/h3>\n<\/div>

Prince Philip<\/a>, the longest-serving consort in British history, dies in April at the age of 99.<\/p>

122<\/span>

2022, Elizabeth II celebrates 70 years of rule<\/h3>\n<\/div>

On 6 February Elizabeth II celebrates her platinum jubilee, becoming the first British monarch to reach this milestone.<\/p>\n

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Queen Elizabeth II. (Image by Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div><\/body><\/html>\n
","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By Tracy Borman Published: Thursday, 01 September 2022 at 12:00 am Hastings to Magna Carta, 1066\u20131215 1 1066, Edward the Confessor dies Edward the Confessor dies, and the English throne is taken by his brother-in-law, Harold Godwinson.\u00a0Harold sees off a Norwegian contender but is defeated by William of Normandy at the battle of Hastings. William […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":17577,"template":"","categories":[1],"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"27"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2022\/09\/monarchy-timeline-from-hastings-to-the-windsors-in-122-moments.jpg",620,413,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2022\/09\/monarchy-timeline-from-hastings-to-the-windsors-in-122-moments-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2022\/09\/monarchy-timeline-from-hastings-to-the-windsors-in-122-moments-300x200.jpg",300,200,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2022\/09\/monarchy-timeline-from-hastings-to-the-windsors-in-122-moments.jpg",620,413,false],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2022\/09\/monarchy-timeline-from-hastings-to-the-windsors-in-122-moments.jpg",620,413,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2022\/09\/monarchy-timeline-from-hastings-to-the-windsors-in-122-moments.jpg",620,413,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/46\/2022\/09\/monarchy-timeline-from-hastings-to-the-windsors-in-122-moments.jpg",620,413,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"By Tracy Borman Published: Thursday, 01 September 2022 at 12:00 am Hastings to Magna Carta, 1066\u20131215 1 1066, Edward the Confessor dies Edward the Confessor dies, and the English throne is taken by his brother-in-law, Harold Godwinson.\u00a0Harold sees off a Norwegian contender but is defeated by William of Normandy at the battle of Hastings. William…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/17576"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17577"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17576"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17576"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}