Unlike his brothers, Cristoforo de Predis preferred to work in miniature, and became famous for producing elaborately illuminated books. He was also prelingually deaf. Known by contemporaries as being \u2018deaf and dumb\u2019, it meant that he used signs and gestures to communicate \u2013 and these made an impression on Leonardo. In notes later published as A Treatise on Painting<\/em>, he observed how expressive sign language could be, and encouraged artists to study the \u201cmotions\u201d of deaf people who \u201cspeak with movements of their hands, and eyes, and eyebrows, and their whole person in the desire to express the idea that is in their minds.\u201d<\/p>\n Cristoforo\u2019s career as a deaf painter was unusual, but far from unique in Renaissance Europe. In Rome, another deaf painter named Pinturicchio had recently been working on frescoes for the Sistine Chapel, before later moving on to decorate the Borgia<\/a> apartments in the Vatican. Originally from Umbria, Italy, he had lost his hearing as a young child and so communicated in signs, sometimes being known as Sordicchio (roughly meaning \u2018little deaf man\u2019). As well as high-profile commissions in Rome, Pinturicchio\u2019s career took him to Siena and Perugia.<\/p>\n And neither was the success of deaf artists confined to just Italy. One of the most prominent artists in 16th-century Spain was Juan Fern\u00e1ndez Navarrete, who, in 1568, was appointed as the court painter for Philip II and worked on the king\u2019s magnificent palace, El Escorial. Better known as \u2018El Mudo\u2019 (\u2018the Mute\u2019), Navarrete trained in Italy, visiting Venice, Florence, Rome and Naples, before returning to Madrid. In the Netherlands, one of the leading artists of landscape painting in the Dutch Golden Age was prelingually deaf: Hendrik Avercamp. Specialising in winter landscapes, he enjoyed enormous success during his lifetime as his pieces were some of the most expensive paintings on sale in Amsterdam.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n In part, it was because it could be taught by sight. Across Europe, prelingually deaf children tended to be steered towards practical trades that they could learn primarily by observation. In early modern England, deaf boys regularly apprenticed as tailors and blacksmiths, but for those from wealthier families, a suitable alternative was to study with an artist. In 1654, William Gaudy \u2013 heir to extensive estates in Norfolk \u2013 arranged for his eldest son, John, who was deaf, to train with local artist Matthew Snelling.<\/p>\n The rest of the family were sceptical, especially John\u2019s grandfather who was reluctant to cover the cost and argued that since John \u201cwas speechless there is no more to be expected from him\u201d. But he was overruled, and John was soon joined by his younger brother Framlingham, who was also deaf. Eventually, the brothers went to London to train in the studios of Sir Peter Lely (by then court painter to King Charles II<\/a>).<\/p>\n Copying was an important element of artistic training during this period; and it was a method of teaching well suited to the Gawdy brothers. Snelling would send the older John pictures to work from, including one of the \u201cPrincess Royals\u201d that he himself was \u201ccopying to the knees\u201d. At one point, John hit a creative wall while Snelling was away, to which the tutor told John\u2019s father to make him \u201cfollow that pattern I set him\u201d, before promising that he had \u201cvery fine things for him to draw at my coming hence\u201d.<\/p>\n A major hindrance to prelingually deaf children, and indeed children able to hear, was that the training of an artist was an expensive business. When John moved to London, for example, the Gawdy family paid the modern equivalent of around \u00a317,000 a year for his tutoring, plus accommodation costs. Perhaps unsurprisingly, many of the deaf artists known to us came from wealthy families. Juan Fern\u00e1ndez Navarrete and Hendrik Avercamp both had affluent backgrounds, as did Benjamin Ferrers, a prelingually deaf man who studied at the artistic academy set up by leading portrait painter Godfrey Kneller. Another deaf man, Richard Crosse, attended the Drawing School established by William Shipley in the 1750s, having come from a gentry family in Devon.<\/p>\n For some prelingually deaf people, drawing was more than a vocation or even a calling: it was a means of interacting with the hearing world and there are numerous accounts of deaf people expressing themselves through art. One of the most spectacular examples was the work of Luca Riva in 1624. An artist in Milan, he produced his own will through drawing a series of pictures A sketch of a group of men playing cards was a way of explaining that he wished to leave his nephew, a notorious gambler, a small sum of money.<\/p>\n Deaf people could use drawing to ease their day-to-day interactions. John Dight, a book binder in 17th-century Exeter, carried a notebook in which he drew pictures when people did not understand his sign language. The younger Gawdy brother, Framlingham, always carried chalks and other drawing equipment to help him communicate. It seems that drawing was also a significant part of deaf education, since notebooks surviving from the 17th and 18th centuries demonstrate how teachers used pictures to help deaf children to learn to read and write.<\/p>\n Throughout the early modern period, there were still doubts about how far prelingually deaf people could be held fully accountable in law, with a widespread perception of them as \u201cinfants\u201d as a result of not speaking vocally. Therefore, art became a powerful way for deaf people to demonstrate their capacity for rational thought.<\/p>\n Between 1710 and 1720, Benjamin Ferrers had to fight several court cases in order to claim his inheritance, finally being declared \u201ccapable\u201d of managing his affairs in the Court of Chancery. He then appeared in the Court of Common Pleas, where several of his paintings were produced as further evidence that he was of \u201cgood understanding\u201d, and so he was allowed to inherit his property. In the following year, Ferrers painted one of his best-known paintings, The Court of Chancery during the reign of George I.<\/p>\n There was a belief in Renaissance Europe that prelingually deaf people were actually more likely to be good artists than hearing people, since one of their senses \u2013 in this instance, sight \u2013 would \u2018compensate\u2019 for their lack of hearing. In a poem celebrating Benjamin Ferrers after his death 1732, Vincent Bourne argued that his deafness allowed him to dedicate his whole life to the \u201csilent study of art\u201d. Leonardo da Vinci argued that deaf people could \u201cunderstand every accident of human bodies better than anyone who can speak and hear\u201d.<\/p>\n![\"""\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2022\/11\/Cristoforo-GettyImages-601071624-WL-ea523c6.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C413"\" "\\"\"\"\\"\/")
<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>What made art an attractive career for prelingually deaf people?<\/h2>\n
Was their art a form of communication?<\/h2>\n
![\"""\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2022\/11\/Averkamp-GettyImages-113449198-WL-a59519b.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C413"\" "\\"\"\"\\"\/")
<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>How were such artists received at the time, and what is their legacy today?<\/h2>\n