The group had been undergoing rigorous canoe training for some four months, and the rumour was that they were going to see action in Norway. Instead, they were bound for Bordeaux \u2013 to make Special Forces\u2019 history. Even during the recruitment process for the Royal Marines Boom Patrol Detachment (RMBPD) \u2013 part of Winston Churchill<\/a>\u2019s Combined Operations Headquarters \u2013 Hasler had spelled out the unlikely prospect of reaching retirement age for those joining his unit. Most of the young men suspected this was a one-way ticket, and this was quickly confirmed during Hasler\u2019s briefing.<\/p>\n Their mission was to paddle six two-man canoes, under the winter-thick cloak of darkness, up a 70-mile-long estuary over three consecutive nights, penetrating into possibly the world\u2019s most heavily guarded port, where \u00a0they would attach limpet mines to strategically selected ships and then retreat. But not back to the submarine \u2013 that would be long gone. \u201cHow do we get back home, sir?\u201d One of the men asked.<\/p>\n \u201cYou walk.\u201d Hasler told them. Across occupied France, over the Pyrenees into neutral Spain, and then to Gibraltar. Hasler was serious. The prospect of a long life never looked so remote. They couldn\u2019t even speak French.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n Combined Ops, under Lord Mountbatten, had decided that these men \u2013 along with their semi-collapsible Mark II \u2018Cockle\u2019 canoes \u2013 were the answer to the pressing \u2018Bordeaux Problem\u2019. Desperately over-stretched, Britain was increasing aware that ships from Asia were routinely outrunning their submarines and destroyers, reaching Europe packed with materials crucial for the Third Reich\u2019s war effort. Many ended up in the well-protected port of Bordeaux on the massive Gironde Estuary.<\/p>\n To win the Battle of the Atlantic<\/a>, Churchill needed this problem sorted, but resources and manpower were desperately short. The Admiralty considered Bordeaux too far up the Gironde estuary to be a realistic target for their boats, and the RAF feared aerial bombing would cost too many French civilian lives, turning public opinion against the Allies.<\/p>\n Whitehall had to be inventive \u2013 that\u2019s when they remembered a rejected concept put forward by a resourceful, if eccentric, Royal Marine named Hasler. He\u2019d proposed engaging the enemy with canoe-based commandos. In late 1941, with the outlook on the Atlantic darkening daily, his plan suddenly seemed much more attractive.<\/p>\n Hasler was invited back to Whitehall, interviewed by Mountbatten and given his own unit to build and train, but it wasn\u2019t until 21 September 1942 that he found out what they were training for.<\/p>\n After a briefing about the blockade busters hiding out in Bordeaux, Hasler devised a fully fleshed-out plan overnight. Mountbatten made just two changes, increasing the number of canoes from three to six (\u201cIn case of accidents\u201d) and insisting that Hasler himself remain behind, as he was too important to risk with an active role in the mission. The Major made an impassioned appeal, stating his case for going, and Mountbatten relented.<\/p>\n After several more weeks of intensive training around Portsmouth, sometimes at night, Hasler handpicked his attack squad. They were split into two divisions, each containing three two-man boats with specified targets to hit once in position.<\/p>\n In Division A, Hasler would be joined by Corporal Bill Sparks in a canoe called Catfish<\/em>, Corporal Albert Laver and Marine William Mills were in Crayfish<\/em>, and Corporal George Sheard and Marine David Moffatt would paddle Conger<\/em>. B Division placed Lieutenant John MacKinnon with Marine James Conway in Cuttlefish<\/em>, Sergeant Samuel Wallace and Marine Robert Ewart in Coalfish<\/em>, and Marine William Ellery and Marine Eric Fisher in Cachalot<\/em>. A 13th man \u2013 Marine Norman Colley \u2013 was taken as a reserve.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n HMS Tuna<\/em> surfaced a couple of miles off the French coast at 19:17 on 7 December 1942. Between 19:36 and 20:22, five cockle canoes were winched over the edge of the submarine, each containing two camouflaged commandos, a small amount of food and clothing, some spare paddles and eight limpet mines. Lieutenant-Commander Dick Raikes, Tuna<\/em>\u2019s skipper, described them as \u201cmagnificent black-faced villains\u201d. Blondie Hasler said he\u2019d be back in March and told Raikes to book a table for lunch at the Savoy for 1 April.<\/p>\n The sixth canoe, Cachalot<\/em>, was snagged and tore while passing through the hatch. Despite tears of protest from Fisher, Hasler ordered them off the mission. Colley was told he wasn\u2019t required either, and the ten remaining men paddled into the night, towards an estuary mouth bristling with enemy boats and lethal defences manned by thousands of Germans.<\/p>\n Most of the men had begun canoeing as rank amateurs just five months previously, and the sea proved their greatest enemy. Two hours in, they hit the first of three tidal overfalls \u2013 patches of dangerously agitated water caused when tides collide over shallow spots \u2013 which hadn\u2019t been marked on their maps. For all his planning, knowledge and skill, these took Hasler by surprise. The result was disastrous.<\/p>\n Suddenly, they were fighting utterly unpredictable metre-high waves. Screaming instructions about keeping the boats\u2019 bows pointing into the water, Hasler punched though with Sparks in Catfish<\/em>. Crayfish, Conger<\/em> and Cuttlefish<\/em> all followed, but Coalfish<\/em> disappeared.<\/p>\n The second overfall was worse still, with even higher waves. Conger<\/em> capsized, throwing Sheard and Moffatt into the brine. Unable to right the stricken canoe, the team scuttled it and towed the two freezing men through the remaining tidal rush and into the estuary, where they were taken as close to shore as possible and told they\u2019d have to swim for it.<\/p>\n It was, by now, impossible for the commandos to reach the east bank before dawn as planned, and they were forced to paddle very close to several anchored enemy boats. They split up to avoid detection, but once the danger had passed, Cuttlefish<\/em> failed to re-join the group.<\/p>\n In just ten hours, Hasler\u2019s task force of 13 had been whittled down to four. Shattered, the remaining men \u2013 Hasler and Sparks in Catfish and Laver and Mills in Crayfish<\/em> \u2013 pulled into Pointe aux Oiseaux to rest for the day. They were discovered by sympathetic French fishermen at daybreak, who pointed out a safer hiding spot and later returned with food.<\/p>\n Hasler led his depleted team up the estuary over the next three nights, resting during the intervening days at Port des Callonges and then l\u2019\u00cele Cazeau. Shortly before dawn on 11 December, the four men pulled Catfish<\/em> and Crayfish<\/em> into the reeds at Bassens Pontoon Pier, just shy of 2 miles from Bordeaux.<\/p>\n At 21:15 that night, Hasler and Sparks paddled Catfish<\/em> into Bordeaux and placed eight limpet mines on four ships on the west bank. At one stage, a boat sentry shone a flashlight directly commandos froze and the camouflage worked. Meanwhile, in Crayfish<\/em>, Laver and Mills crossed to the east bank, directly opposite Bassens, where they placed their charges on two boats.<\/p>\n The men had six hours to get away before the charges began to go off. Purely by chance, the two teams met on l\u2019\u00cele Cazeau, from where they paddled together to St Genes de Blaye, landing 400 metres apart and scuttling the canoes. Yet it was nature, not Nazi defences, that proved most problematic for the unit. The explosions \u2013 music to the men\u2019s ears \u2013 began at 03:50 and continued for hours. By this stage, they had again split into two teams and were travelling overland, using silk maps. They had a choice: move at night, wearing uniform in the hope that, if caught, they\u2019d be treated as prisoners of war; or pretend to be civilians and travel during daylight, knowing they\u2019d be shot as spies if apprehended.<\/p>\n Hasler and Sparks wore uniforms for two nights, before donning civilian attire given to them by friendly French farmers and villagers, who also supplied them with food and sometimes shelter.<\/p>\n At Ruffec, they expected to be met by the French Resistance, but no one was waiting. Serendipity led the fugitives to Caf\u00e9 des Sports, a restaurant run by sympathetic owners, who put them in touch with the local Resistance. They were fed into the \u2018Marie-Claire\u2019 escape line, organised by English woman Mary Lindell. This network saw Hasler and Sparks safely to Lyon, then Marseille, Perpignan and finally C\u00e9ret, from where they trekked over the Pyrenees to Banyoles in Spain and reached the British Consul in Barcelona.<\/p>\n Having spent months in each other\u2019s company in the most extraordinary circumstances, the two men were finally separated for the last part of their journey. Sparks sailed back to England from Gibraltar, while Hasler was flown back from Madrid \u2013 arriving in April 1943 \u2013 just in time to meet Lieutenant-Commander Raikes for lunch at the Savoy.<\/p>\n Awarded the Distinguished Service Order. Post-war, he became a solo sailor, finishing second in the first single-handed transatlantic race.<\/p>\n Awarded the Distinguished Service Medal, Sparks served in Burma, Africa and Italy before becoming a bus driver and inspector. He died in 2002.<\/p>\n Wallace and Ewart capsized near Pointe de Grave lighthouse. Washed up on land, they were captured, questioned and illegally executed.<\/p>\n Sheard and Moffatt likely died swimming for shore. Moffatt\u2019s frozen body was found on 14 December. It is not clear what became of Sheard.<\/p>\n MacKinnon and Conway were separated from the unit but continued with the mission. They were betrayed at La R\u00e9ole, caught and executed.<\/p>\n Laver and Mills finished the mission, but made it just 19 miles before they were picked up by police, and executed by the Germans.<\/p>\n <\/p><\/div> <\/section> Strategically and militarily, the mission\u2019s achievements were meagre. The boats bombed were all empty, and they only sank a few feet before coming to rest on the shallow bottom of the harbour \u2013 all were quickly back in use.<\/p>\n Worse, unbeknown to Hasler or his Combined Ops\u2019 superiors, the Special Operations Executive<\/a> \u2013 a diffferent and, in some respects, rival Whitehall department \u2013 had a team of agents on the Bordeaux docks at exactly the same time.<\/p>\n This unit was scouting for an operation to blow up a number of boats at a more strategically advantageous juncture, but instead saw all their reconnaissance devastated by Hasler\u2019s mines.<\/p>\n However, the Cockleshell Heroes blew a hole in German confidence that wasn\u2019t as easy to patch as their boats. And the horror of so many dedicated men giving their lives virtually in vain because of inter-department factionalism galvanised Whitehall to sort itself out. The departments came together to ensure such doubling of effort, resources and risk taking never happened again and, within a couple of years, all three forces and the secret services pulled together to extraordinary effect in the planning and execution of D-Day<\/a>.<\/p>\n Royal Navy submarine HMS\u00a0Tuna<\/em>\u00a0sets off with the special unit and six canoes aboard \u2013 of the commandos, only Hasler knows their true destination.<\/p>\n Five canoes are launched between 19:36 and 20:22. The sixth, Cachalot<\/em>, is holed while being moved and its crew Ellery and Fisher are forced to stay behind.<\/p>\n The unit hits rough seas. Coalfish<\/em> is separated from the group and Conger<\/em> capsizes. Their canoe gone, Sheard and Moffatt are towed into the estuary.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Sheard and Moffatt attempt to swim to shore. The canoes split up to avoid being seen by nearby enemy ships, Cuttlefis<\/em>h fails to rejoin the group and is lost.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n The two remaining teams \u2013 Hasler and Sparks in Catfish<\/em> and Laver and Mills in Crayfish<\/em> \u2013 pull ashore to rest. The same day, Wallace and Ewart, of the Coalfish<\/em>, are captured at Pointe de Grave. They claim to be sailors swept overboard but, when their canoe is found two days later, the Nazis become aware of a mission. The pair are executed shortly after.<\/p>\n Having stayed the previous day at Port des Callonges, the four men in Catfish<\/em> and Crayfish<\/em> take refuge here on day three. Unknown to either party, the lost Cuttlefish<\/em> crew of MacKinnon and Conway are also sheltering on this island at the same time.<\/p>\n The mission lengthened by a day, the four men in Catfish<\/em> and Crayfish<\/em> hide in the reeds nearly 2 miles from Bordeaux itself and prepare to launch their attack.<\/p>\n Hasler and Sparks place their mines on ships on the west bank, while Laver and Mills place theirs on boats on the east bank, directly opposite Bassens.\u00a0<\/p>\n <\/p><\/div> <\/section> Their mission was to paddle six two-man canoes, under the winter-thick cloak of darkness, up a 70-mile-long estuary <\/blockquote> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div>\n<\/div>
What was Operation Frankton?<\/h2>\n
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<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>The operation begins<\/h3>\n
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<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>What happened to the Cockleshell Heroes?<\/h2>\n
MAJOR HERBERT HASLER<\/h6>\n
CORPORAL BILL SPARKS<\/h6>\n
CREW OF THE COALFISH<\/h6>\n
CREW OF THE CONGER<\/h6>\n
CREW OF THE CUTTLEFISH<\/h6>\n
CREW OF THE CRAYFISH<\/h6>\n
What happened after Operation Frankton & what did it achieve?<\/h2>\n
Timeline of Operation Frankton<\/h2>\n
30 NOVEMBER 1942 \u2013 Holy Loch, Scotland<\/span><\/h6>\n
7 DECEMBER \u2013 10 miles south-west from the mouth of the Gironde Estuary<\/h6>\n
AROUND 22:00, 7 DECEMBER \u2013 Off Pointe de Grave<\/h6>\n
NIGHT OF 7-8 DECEMBER \u2013 Off Le Verdon<\/h6>\n
PREDAWN 8 DECEMBER \u2013 Pointe aux Oiseaux<\/h6>\n
10 DECEMBER \u2013 L\u2019\u00cele Cazeau<\/h6>\n
11 DECEMBER \u2013 Bassens Pontoon Pier<\/h6>\n
21:15, 11 DECEMBER \u2013 Bordeaux Harbour<\/h6>\n