{"id":28372,"date":"2023-09-01T06:54:05","date_gmt":"2023-09-01T04:54:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/?p=240787"},"modified":"2023-09-01T16:11:43","modified_gmt":"2023-09-01T14:11:43","slug":"historical-anniversaries-september","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/rss_feed\/historical-anniversaries-september\/","title":{"rendered":"Historical anniversaries | September"},"content":{"rendered":"

What historical anniversaries are in September? We round up the events, births and deaths\u2026 <\/p>

By Lauren Good\n \t\t<\/p>

Published: Friday, 01 September 2023 at 04:54 AM<\/p>

\n\n

1 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1715: Louis XIV<\/a> succumbs to gangrene<\/h4>\n

In August 1715, about a month before his 77th birthday, the elderly French king spent a pleasant day hunting. But when he returned to Versailles, he felt an agonising pain in his leg and consulted his doctor. The doctor diagnosed sciatica, but the pain got worse, and soon Louis\u2019 leg began to turn black. That was a very bad sign: he had senile gangrene, a condition that is often associated with diabetes.<\/p>\n

By 30 August Louis had slipped into unconsciousness. The royal apartments were put under close guard; all mail to and from the palace was stopped. On 1 September, the Sun King breathed his last. With him passed the era of French supremacy.<\/p>\n

2 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

44 BC: Cicero delivers the first of the Philippics<\/h4>\n
\"Bust\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>
Bust of Cicero. (Photo by Hulton Archive\/Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n

Appalled at the rise of Mark Antony after\u00a0Caesar\u2019s murder<\/a>, Roman statesman Cicero delivers the first in a series of speeches, known as the Philippics, attacking the new order. In revenge, Antony ordered Cicero\u2019s head and hands to be cut off.<\/p>\n

3 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1878: Hundreds are killed as paddle steamer Princess Alice <\/em>sinks on the Thames<\/h4>\n

Some time around 7.30pm, as the ship entered Gallions Reach, its captain suddenly realised that they were on a collision course with a much larger ship coming the other way, the collier Bywell Castle.<\/em>\u00a0The captain yelled out: \u201cWhere are you coming to! Good God! Where are you coming to?\u201d \u2013 but it was already too late. With an enormous crunch, the Bywell Castle<\/em> ploughed through the side of the paddle steamer, effectively slicing it into two. Within just five minutes, it had sunk beneath the waves.<\/p>\n

Even by London\u2019s standards, the stretch of the Thames where the Princess Alice<\/em> sank was especially foul, with so much sewage that boatmen gagged as they passed through. Now, hundreds of men, women and children floundered desperately in the fetid waters, weighed down by their clothes.<\/p>\n

Aboard the Bywell Castle<\/em>, crewmen tried to throw them ropes, lifebuoys, even chicken coops to cling on to. But it was no good. It was a horrific scene.<\/p>\n

After 10 minutes, the screams died down. The disaster was over, and perhaps 640 people were dead.<\/p>\n

4 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1998: Google takes the world by storm<\/h4>\n
\"Larry\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>
Larry Page and Sergey Brin. (Photo by JOKER\/Martin Magunia\/ullstein bild via Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n

Two years earlier, Larry Page and Sergey Brin had developed an algorithm called PageRank, which helped them to find out which web pages would link to a given site. At the time, the dotcom boom was in full swing \u2013 a digital Wild West in which fortunes could be made and lost in months. But Page and Brin were convinced that PageRank, when adapted as a search engine, would be a lasting hit, and in September 1997 they registered an internet domain name for their new engine. Their first web page explained: \u201c10^100 (a gigantic number) is a googol, but we liked the spelling Google better. We picked the name Google because our goal is to make huge quantities of information available to everyone. And it sounds cool and has only six letters.\u201d<\/p>\n

A year later, on 4 September 1998, Page and Brin formally incorporated their company, which was based in a friend\u2019s garage in Menlo Park. They only had one employee, a fellow PhD student from Stanford. Yet already their server was humming with activity, and by the end of the year Google had indexed some 60 million web pages. By the following summer Page and Brin had secured a staggering $25m in equity funding, and Google was already on its way to becoming a household name.<\/p>\n

5 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1791: Olympe de Gouges fights for women\u2019s rights<\/h4>\n

Frustrated that the French National Assembly\u2019s charter of human liberties, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, offered nothing to women, Olympe de Gouges decided to write a feminist version, which she dedicated to Marie Antoinette<\/a>. She called for women to have full political rights, for equality within marriage and for women to be allowed to identify the fathers of their children, which meant single mothers could demand support.<\/p>\n

Was France ready for this ground-breaking proposal? It was not. Most of her fellow revolutionaries ignored it. For the Jacobins, she was too brave, too outspoken and too independent. Two years later, after a swift mock trial, they sent her to the guillotine.<\/p>\n

6 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1972: Israeli athletes are kidnapped from the Munich Olympic<\/a> Village<\/h4>\n

All nine Israeli athletes kidnapped from the Munich Olympic Village by the Palestinian Black September Group were killed in a gun battle at a nearby airport during an ill-fated attempt to free them by force.<\/p>\n

7 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1812: Napoleon<\/a> won a costly but inconclusive victory over the Russians at the battle of Borodino<\/h4>\n

With over 70,000 casualties it was the bloodiest single day of fighting in the Napoleonic Wars<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Famous births in September<\/h2>\n

4 September 1241<\/h6>\n

Alexander III of Scotland<\/p>\n

8 September 1442<\/h6>\n

John de Vere, 13th\u00a0Earl of Oxford<\/p>\n

9 September 1941<\/h6>\n

Otis Redding, American soul singer<\/p>\n

10 September 1852<\/h6>\n

Alice Brown Davis, principal chief of the Seminole nation.<\/p>\n

11 September 1611<\/h6>\n

Henri de la Tour d\u2019Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne, French soldier who defeated a Spanish and English royalist army at the battle of the Dunes<\/p>\n

11 September 1862<\/h6>\n

Hawley Harvey, the first criminal to be captured with the aid of wireless communication<\/p>\n

12 September 1811<\/h6>\n

William Bell Scott, painter and poet<\/p>\n

12 September 1812<\/h6>\n

Richard March Hoe, inventor and manufacturer of the world\u2019s first successful rotary printing press<\/p>\n

19 September 1882<\/h6>\n

Christopher Reynolds Stone MC, London editor of The Gramophone<\/em><\/p>\n

23 September 1861<\/h6>\n

Robert Bosch, industrialist and inventor<\/p>\n

28 September 1841<\/h6>\n

Georges Clemenceau, prime minister of France<\/p>\n

29 September 1758<\/h6>\n

Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson<\/p>\n

<\/p><\/div> <\/section>

8 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1504: Michelangelo<\/a>\u2019s masterpiece divides opinion in Florence<\/a><\/h4>\n
\"The\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>
The head of Michelangelo\u2019s David<\/em>. (Photo by Franco Origlia\/Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n

On 8 September 1504, the public set eyes on Michelangelo\u2019s magnificent David<\/em>. The statue was so big that, according to the writer Giorgio Vasari, two brothers had to make a special contraption to carry it to the Piazza della Signoria, \u201ca very strong framework of wood\u201d, with the statue dangling inside.<\/p>\n

\u201cOn the rope which held the figure suspended,\u201d added Vasari, they \u201cmade a slip-knot which was very easy to undo but tightened as the weight increased, which is a most beautiful and ingenious thing\u201d.<\/p>\n

Amazing as it may seem, Michelangelo\u2019s masterpiece had its critics; indeed, some Florentines even threw stones at it. It was, they thought, a symbol of the city\u2019s controversial republican government, which had replaced the local Medici dynasty<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, Florence\u2019s governor Piero Soderini thought that the nose was too big. So Michelangelo climbed up and pretended to knock a bit off, and Soderini proclaimed himself satisfied.<\/p>\n

But more astute observers saw the statue as a supreme symbol of humanist values. As Vasari put it: \u201cWhoever has seen this work need not trouble to see any other work executed in sculpture, either in our own or in other times, by no matter what craftsman.\u201d<\/p>\n

9 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1739: The Stono Rebellion is the biggest revolt of its kind in British North America<\/h4>\n

Early in the morning of 9 September 1739, almost two dozen men gathered in the fields near the Stono river, some 20 miles south-west of Charleston, South Carolina. All of them were slaves. Their self-appointed leader was known as Jemmy; contemporaries called him \u2018Angolan\u2019, but he had probably been shipped west from the kingdom of Kongo, in central Africa. It was Jemmy who had roused his fellows by appealing to their thirst for freedom; it was probably also Jemmy who gave them their motto, \u2018Liberty!\u2019<\/p>\n

At first, Jemmy and his fellows made good progress. Their first move was to raid Hutchenson\u2019s Stores at the nearby Stono River Bridge, where they killed two men and stole a large consignment of guns and ammunition. Heading south, they paused to burn the white residents\u2019 houses as they passed, killing somewhere between 20 and 30 people. Tellingly, they spared the man who kept Wallace\u2019s Tavern, because he was known to be relatively kind to his own slaves.<\/p>\n

By midday, the fugitives\u2019 numbers had swollen to between 50 and 100. Whenever they encountered whites, they generally killed them. One who got away, though, was the state\u2019s lieutenant governor, William Bull, who rode off to raise the local militia. The next day, Bull\u2019s men caught up with the slaves near the Edisto river. There, he reported to London, his men \u201ckilled and took so many as to put a stop to any further mischief at that time, 44 of them have been killed and executed\u201d. The rest, he wrote, \u201cremain concealed in the woods expecting the same fate\u201d.<\/p>\n

None of the fugitives made it all the way to Spanish Florida and freedom. Within a couple of weeks, all had been either killed or captured. So ended one of the greatest slave rebellions in the history of British America.<\/p>\n

10 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1419: John the Fearless is lured into a fatal trap<\/h4>\n

In one of the key incidents of the\u00a0Hundred Years\u2019 War<\/a>, John the Fearless was struck down with an axe on a bridge in Montereau, central France. The assassination solidified divisions within France, strengthening the hand of England\u2019s Henry V<\/a>.<\/p>\n

11 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1297: William Wallace<\/a> routs the English invaders<\/h4>\n
\"William\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>
William Wallace. (Photo by Print Collector\/Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n

On the morning of 11 September 1297, the Earl of Surrey ordered his English army to cross the Forth river at Stirling Bridge. The war for Scotland was raging, and although the north bank was guarded by Scots under Andrew Moray and\u00a0William Wallace, Surrey was determined to force the issue. It was the worst mistake of his life \u2013 and a titanic moment in Scottish history.<\/p>\n

Only when most of Surrey\u2019s forces had crossed did the Scots make their move, bombarding the English with spears before charging down to cut their army in two. Outnumbered, their backs to the river, some of the English swam for safety, while others, led by Sir Hugh de Cressingham, tried to fight their way out.<\/p>\n

12 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

490 BC: Athens<\/a> claims victory against the mighty Persian army and a new sporting tradition is created<\/h4>\n

Traditionally dated to 12 September 490 BC, the battle of Marathon has gone down as one of the most celebrated clashes in world history. On one side were the Persians, then by far the greatest power in the eastern Mediterranean; on the other, the little democracy of Athens.<\/p>\n

For years, the Athenians had supported Greek rebels in Asia Minor against their Persian overlords. So the Persian king, Darius, decided to teach them a lesson, sending his fleet towards the bay of Marathon. There his troops disembarked, preparing to march on Athens.<\/p>\n

What followed became part of Athenian legend. Aided by only 1,000 men from the city of Plataea, the Athenian force faced a Persian army at least twice the size. Should they attack? The Athenians were divided, but were finally swayed by a speech by their general Miltiades. If they fought and won, he declared, their country would \u201cbe free \u2013 and not free only, but the first state in Greece\u201d.<\/p>\n

13 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1944: Noor Inayat Khan<\/a> is executed at a concentration camp<\/h4>\n

At dawn on 13 (or possibly 12) September 1944, four women were led into a yard in Dachau concentration camp, where they were told to kneel and had their death sentences read to them. SS men then stepped forward and shot them one at a time in the back of their necks. One of the women had been badly beaten first, but in her final moments managed to utter the single word \u201clibert\u00e9\u201d.<\/p>\n

Her name was\u00a0Noor Inayat Khan. Having escaped German-occupied France in 1940, she trained for the British forces and later gained a post in the\u00a0Special Operations Executive\u00a0(SOE) as a wireless operator. In June 1943, Noor was inserted into France on a highly dangerous mission to aid the \u201cProsper\u201d resistance network, under the codename \u201cMadeleine\u201d. She chose to stay even when the Germans rounded up the network\u2019s agents, but was betrayed and arrested by the Gestapo four months later.<\/p>\n

After several escapes and recaptures, Noor \u2013 who refused to give up anything in her interrogations \u2013 was sent to Dachau with three other SOE agents, Madeleine Damerment, Yolande Beekman and Eliane Plewman. After being executed, they were stripped and searched for jewellery. For displaying \u201cthe most conspicuous courage, both moral and physical\u201d, Noor was posthumously awarded the George Cross in 1949.<\/p>\n

14 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1982: Princess Grace of Monaco died of her injuries after her car went off the road and over a cliff in Monaco<\/h4>\n

Her daughter, Princess Stephanie, was with her in the car but she survived the accident.<\/p>\n

15 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1940: Adolf Hitler<\/a>\u2019s Luftwaffe launches their largest offensive yet against the Royal Air Force<\/a><\/h4>\n

They hoped to draw them out by a massive attack on London, but the RAF destroyed some 60 enemy planes and carried the day \u2013 it is remembered as Battle of Britain<\/a> Day.<\/p>\n

16 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1400: Owain Glynd\u0175r<\/a> is proclaimed Prince of Wales during an uprising that lasts for 12 years<\/h4>\n

In September 1400,\u00a0Owain Glynd\u0175r\u00a0was smouldering with anger. Born some four decades earlier to a landed family in the Welsh Marches, Glynd\u0175r had been involved in a land dispute with a fellow nobleman, Baron Grey de Ruthin.<\/p>\n

On 16 September 1400 Glynd\u0175r took desperate action. Summoning his friends to his Denbighshire estate of Glyndyfrdwy, he was proclaimed Prince of Wales. According to an English jury, the rebels pledged themselves to kill Henry and stamp out the English language. Then they proceeded \u201cin warlike fashion like enemies\u201d to Ruthin, which they sacked and plundered. So began the Welsh Revolt, the bloodiest rising against English rule for more than a century.<\/p>\n

17 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1787: The US Constitution is signed<\/h4>\n

On 17 September, gathering in the Assembly Room of Independence Hall, the delegates listened to a patriotic address by Benjamin Franklin<\/a> before taking it in turns to sign the new Constitution.<\/p>\n

At 81, Franklin was the oldest of the 39 men who signed that day; by contrast, 26-year-old Jonathan Dayton was young enough to have been his grandson. Theirs was really only a symbolic gesture, since the document still needed to be ratified by the states. But symbols matter: there could hardly have been a more powerful sign of their commitment to a common cause.<\/p>\n

18 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1714: Following the death of his second cousin,\u00a0Queen Anne<\/a>, the 54-year-old elector of Hanover lands in Great Britain for his coronation as George I<\/h4>\n

19 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1970: The first\u00a0Glastonbury festival<\/a>\u00a0is held in Somerset<\/h4>\n
\"Tents\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>
The first Glastonbury Festival, September 1970. (Photo by Robert Blomfield Photography\/Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n

It was organised by farmer Michael Eavis and headlined by Tyrannosaurus Rex. Tickets cost \u00a31 and included free milk from the farm.<\/p>\n

Famous deaths in September<\/h2>\n

4 September 1852<\/h6>\n

William MacGillivray, ornithologist<\/p>\n

14 September 1321<\/h6>\n

Dante Alighieri, Florentine poet<\/p>\n

14 September 1982<\/h6>\n

Princess Grace of Monaco<\/p>\n

15 September 1712<\/h6>\n

Sidney, 1st Earl of Godolphin<\/p>\n

16 September 1701<\/h6>\n

James II and VII, England\u2019s last Catholic monarch<\/p>\n

16 September 1911<\/h6>\n

Edward Whymper, English mountaineer and engraver<\/p>\n

20 September 1851<\/h6>\n

Mary Martha Sherwood, one of the 19th-century\u2019s most prolific children\u2019s authors<\/p>\n

21 September 1832<\/h6>\n

Sir Walter Scott, writer<\/p>\n

26 September 1842<\/h6>\n

Richard, Marquess Wellesley<\/p> <\/div> <\/section>

20 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1973: Billie Jean is king in tennis\u2019s \u2018Battle of the Sexes\u2019<\/h4>\n
\"Billie\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>
Tennis star Billie Jean King is carried to the court by four men for the battle of the sexes tennis match with 55-year-old tennis star Bobby Riggs. (Photo by Getty)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n

Competitive sport had never seen anything like it. To great roars from more than 30,000 spectators, and with an estimated 90 million people watching on television, the 29-year-old Billie Jean King was carried by four men into the Houston Astrodome, like Cleopatra on her throne. A few moments later, the 55-year-old Bobby Riggs followed, in a rickshaw drawn by a group of young women. Riggs handed her a lollipop. King gave him a piglet, a fitting gift for a man who prided himself on being a chauvinist pig. And then the slaughter began.<\/p>\n

\u201cI thought it would set us back 50 years if I didn\u2019t win that match,\u201d Jean said later. \u201cIt would ruin the women\u2019s tour and affect all women\u2019s self-esteem.\u201d And she was as good as her word. That day in the Astrodome, she hammered Riggs 6-4, 6-3, 6-3.<\/p>\n

\u201cFor women everywhere,\u201d said The New York Times<\/em>, \u201cshe convinced sceptics that a female athlete can survive pressure- filled situations and that men are as susceptible to nerves as women.\u201d<\/p>\n

21 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1840: William Henry Fox Talbot\u00a0develops the \u2018calotype\u2019 process<\/h4>\n

By using silver iodide, gallic acid and silver nitrate, the photographic pioneer William Henry Fox Talbot developed the so-called \u2018calotype\u2019 process, enabling him to make positive prints from calotype negatives. The process proves very popular with other budding British photographers, boosting the development of commercial photography.<\/p>\n

22 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1761: The coronation of\u00a0George III<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz<\/a><\/h4>\n

It was held in Westminster Abbey<\/a>. The couple had been married at St James\u2019s on the evening of 8 September, after meeting for the first time that afternoon.<\/p>\n

23 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1909: The French newspaper\u00a0Le Gaulois<\/em>\u00a0carries the first instalment of a new story by Gaston Leroux<\/h4>\n

It was set two decades earlier in the sumptuous, haunted world of the Palais Garnier opera house. The story takes its title from its most famous character:\u00a0The Phantom of the Opera<\/em>.<\/p>\n

24 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1332: Edward Balliol was crowned king of Scotland<\/h4>\n

This was following his victory with English help over the Earl of Mar at Dupplin Moor in August.<\/p>\n

25 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

480 BC: Greece defeats Persia<\/a>, once and for all<\/h4>\n

The Persians\u2019 overwhelming numbers worked against them. As one Persian line crashed inevitably into the next, some of their captains began to panic, and eventually morale cracked completely. Watching from his throne on Mount Egaleo, Xerxes looked on in impotent fury as his fleet fell back in disarray, the Greeks surging forward and singing in triumph. As the historian Herodotus recorded, many of the Persians could not swim, so the seas foamed with the bodies of drowning men.<\/p>\n

The battle of Salamis is commonly seen as the turning point in the Persian Wars. Indeed, for generations of writers, it was a decisive moment in world history: the moment when the free cities of the Greeks definitely escaped the Persian yoke. This is probably an exaggeration. But had events in September 480 turned out otherwise, it is tempting to wonder how different our world might be.<\/p>\n

26 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1969: The Beatles<\/a>\u2018 last recorded album,\u00a0Abbey Road<\/em>, is released on both sides of the Atlantic. It goes straight to number one in the charts<\/h4>\n

27 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1940: The Tripartite Pact is signed<\/h4>\n

A year after the opening of the Second World War, Germany, Italy and Japan signed the Tripartite Pact, promising to co-operate in building a new order in Europe and Asia, and to help one another if they are attacked by an outside power \u2013 widely seen as a warning to the United States.<\/p>\n

28 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

48 BC: Pompey is knifed to death<\/h4>\n
\"Pompey\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>
The Stabbing of Pompey, 1634. Artist Willem Basse. (Photo by Heritage Art\/Heritage Images via Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n

On 28 September, Pompey sailed into view of the Egyptian coast. His companions, including his wife, Cornelia, were terrified that he might be betrayed, and their fears only increased when they were greeted by a small group of men in a battered fishing boat. The sea, the men explained, was not deep enough for a royal trireme. Pompey must come across to their little boat, and they would ferry him to meet the pharaoh.<\/p>\n

At that, Pompey\u2019s friends became even more agitated. What if the Egyptians had done a deal with Caesar? But the old general merely shrugged. He had no choice, he said, and with his wife watching nervously from their deck, he stepped onto the little boat.<\/p>\n

The men cast off. According to the historian Plutarch, nothing was said; as they headed for the land, there was only silence. It was Pompey who broke the tension. \u201cAren\u2019t you an old comrade of mine?\u201d he asked one of the welcoming party, a former Roman soldier called Lucius Septimius. The latter \u201cmerely nodded, without saying anything to him or showing any friendliness\u201d. So \u201cthe profound silence continued\u201d.<\/p>\n

And then the moment came. Pompey was getting to his feet, clutching one of his servant\u2019s hands, when Septimius stabbed him from behind. More blows rained down so, Plutarch wrote: \u201cPompey, drawing his toga down over his face with both hands, without an act or a word that was unworthy of himself, but with a groan merely, submitted to their blows.\u201d<\/p>\n

29 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1911: Italy declares war on the Ottoman empire<\/a><\/h4>\n

The ensuing conflict saw the first incidence of bombing from an aeroplane when an Italian pilot dropped a grenade on an oasis near Tripoli.<\/p>\n

30 September<\/a><\/h2>\n

1452: The first part of Johannes Gutenberg\u2019s\u00a0Bible<\/a> is published in Mainz, Germany<\/h4>\n

It was the first book to be printed using moveable metal type.<\/p> <\/body><\/html>\n

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