1755: Lisbon<\/a> is levelled by a deadly earthquake. The cataclysm claims up to 100,000 lives<\/h4>\nThe earthquake that hit Lisbon in 1755 was one of the deadliest in history. The Portuguese capital was almost completely destroyed, and some estimates put the death toll at 100,000 people. Later, the city was rebuilt in elegant, classical style by Portugal\u2019s chief minister, the Marquis de Pombal.<\/p>\n
But across Europe, the disaster left a scar on the imagination of a generation. In years to come, theologians, philosophers and political theorists, from Rousseau to Kant, grappled with the existential implications of such a terrible natural catastrophe. The French writer Voltaire was one of many thinkers to be shaken by the news. If God was all-powerful and all-loving, he wondered, how could he have let it happen?<\/p>\n
2 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1917: The Balfour Declaration (named after British foreign secretary Balfour) supports Jewish settlement in Palestine<\/a><\/h4>\n3 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1957: Russians launch Sputnik II<\/h4>\n
On board is the dog Laika<\/a>, the first known living animal to travel in space.<\/p>\n ![\"Laika,]( "\\"Laika")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div> Laika, the Russian space dog, inside the Soviet satellite Sputnik II in preparation of becoming the first living creature to orbit the earth. (Picture by GettyImages)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n4 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1839: Chaos ensues in the Newport Rising<\/h4>\n
In the late 1830s, south Wales was not a happy place. Thousands lived in grinding poverty, while the government\u2019s rejection of the People\u2019s Charter of 1838 \u2013 which demanded the right to vote for working men \u2013 had provoked intense political discontent.<\/p>\n
Having divided into two vast streams, a crowd of 7,000 marchers united in front of the Westgate Hotel, where the guests would usually have been eating breakfast. After a great deal of shouting and cheering, they promptly laid siege to the hotel. Gunshots echoed back and forth between armed demonstrators and the soldiers within: \u201cNothing,\u201d one observer told\u202f The Times<\/em>, \u201ccan heighten the horror of the scene at this moment.\u201d<\/p>\nThe town\u2019s mayor, who attempted to read the Riot Act, was badly wounded by Chartist musket-fire, but the soldiers\u2019 superior discipline and firepower won the day. 22 people had been killed and dozens were injured. The rising\u2019s leaders were sentenced to death by hanging and quartering, commuted to transportation to Tasmania for life. Newport\u2019s mayor, however, ended up with a knighthood.<\/p>\n
5 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1605: The Gunpowder Plot<\/a> is foiled and the conspirators arrested<\/h4>\nIn the small hours of the following morning, James I<\/a>\u2019s men discovered Fawkes, calling himself John Johnson, in a large cloak and hat, carrying a pocket watch, lantern and matches. Beneath his so-called firewood were at least 30 barrels of gunpowder.<\/p>\nWhen Fawkes\u2019 captors asked what he was doing, he said defiantly that he wanted to \u201cblow you Scotch beggars back to your native mountains\u201d. For the next two days, even under torture, he refused to name his co-conspirators. But the king\u2019s interrogators broke him eventually. Hanged almost three months later, Fawkes was reincarnated every bonfire night for centuries to come.<\/p>\n
6 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1429: Henry VI<\/a>\u00a0is crowned king of England in\u00a0Westminster Abbey<\/a><\/h4>\nThis event was a month before his eighth birthday. He had inherited the throne as an eight-month-old baby following the early death of his father,\u00a0Henry V, in 1421.<\/p>\n
![\"Black]( "\\"Henry")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div> An illustration of Henry VI being crowned at Notre Dame cathedrale in Paris in 1430. (Photo by Photo12\/UIG\/Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n7 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1940: Washington State\u2019s Tacomah Narrows bridge collapses during a severe gale<\/h4>\n
The third longest suspension bridge in America at the time, it had only been open to traffic for a few months. Incredibly, the only casualty was a small dog called Tubby.<\/p>\n
8 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1519: Conquistador Cort\u00e9s meets emperor Moctezuma<\/a>. This encounter leads to the fall of the Aztec empire<\/h4>\nHistorians still dispute what the two men said that day. Did Moctezuma seriously believe, for example, that Cort\u00e9s was a god, come to reclaim his kingdom? What is not in doubt, though, is the Spaniards\u2019 eagerness to emphasise that they came in peace. \u201cThere is nothing to fear,\u201d Cort\u00e9s told his interpreter. \u201cWe have wanted to see him for a long time, and now we have seen his face and heard his words. Tell him that we love him well and that our hearts are contented.\u201d<\/p>\n
Then they went into the city. Six days later, Moctezuma was a prisoner; seven months after that, he was dead.<\/p>\n
9 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1989: The Berlin Wall<\/a> comes down<\/h4>\nAt 10.45pm the border guards, having given up trying to control the waves of people, opened the gates. At that moment, Schabowski said later, East Germany simply \u201cceased to exist\u201d.<\/p>\n
The scene that night, which immediately flashed around the world, became one of the iconic moments of the 20th century. Even as West and East Germans wept, hugged and shared bottles of champagne, the communist empire was falling apart.<\/p>\n
10 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1871: Welsh reporter Henry Morton Stanley found the missing David Livingstone<\/h4>\n ![\"Livingstone]( "\\"Livingstone")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div> Livingstone and Stanley receiving newspapers in Central Africa. (Photo by Historica Graphica Collection\/Heritage Images\/Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\nBy the autumn of 1871, the missionary David Livingstone had been missing for more than five years. He had set out from Zanzibar to find the source of the Nile, believing that it was probably located further south than previous explorers had suggested.<\/p>\n
Salvation, however, was at hand, in the form of the Welsh reporter Henry Morton Stanley, who had been sent to Africa by the New York Herald to find the missing missionary. On 10 November, after a nightmarish journey of some 700 miles, Stanley walked into Ujiji on the banks of Lake Tanganyika. And when he saw Livingstone\u2019s pale, bearded face, he knew he had struck gold.<\/p>\n
11 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1619: Sir John Bourchier is knighted by King\u00a0James VI and I<\/a><\/h4>\nThirty years later he signed the death warrant of James\u2019s son,\u00a0Charles I<\/a>. At the Restoration, Bourchier was too ill to stand trial and he died unrepentant.<\/p>\n Births in November<\/h2>\n2 November 1470<\/h6>\n
Edward V\u00a0<\/p>\n
4 November 1631<\/h6>\n
Mary, eldest daughter of Charles I and Henrietta Maria<\/p>\n
7 November 1687<\/h6>\n
William Stukeley, archaeologist noted for his work on Stonehenge<\/p>\n
7 November 1888<\/h6>\n
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, physicist awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 for his work on the diffraction of light<\/p>\n
9 November 1841<\/h6>\n
Edward VII<\/p>\n
10 November 1697<\/h6>\n
William Hogarth, artist<\/p>\n
10 November 1880<\/h6>\n
Jacob Epstein, one of the leading British sculptors of the 20th century<\/p>\n
13 November 1850<\/h6>\n
Robert Louis Stevenson, Scottish novelist, poet and travel writer<\/p>\n
15 November 1708<\/h6>\n
William Pitt the elder, future Earl of Chatham, architect of Britain\u2019s success in the Seven Years\u2019 War and prime minister from 1766 to 1768<\/p>\n
18 November 1787<\/h6>\n
Louis Daguerre, artist and photographic pioneer<\/p>\n
19 November 1600<\/h6>\n
King Charles I<\/p>\n
19 November 1917<\/h6>\n
Indira Nehru Gandhi, politician\u00a0<\/p>\n
22 November 1761<\/h6>\n
Dorothy Jordan, actress and mistress of the Duke of Clarence, the future William IV<\/p>\n
24 November 1632<\/h6>\n
Baruch Spinoza, philosopher<\/p>\n
24 November 1849<\/h6>\n
Frances Eliza Hodgson, writer<\/p>\n
26 November 1810<\/h6>\n
William Armstrong, inventor and industrialist<\/p>\n
28 November 1757<\/h6>\n
William Blake, poet and artist<\/p>\n
30 November 1508<\/h6>\n
Andrea Palladio, one of Western Europe\u2019s most influential architects<\/p>\n
<\/p><\/div> <\/section>
12 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1980: After a three-year journey, the Voyager One space probe flies by Saturn<\/h4>\n
It sent back the first high-definition images of the planet, its rings and satellites.<\/p>\n
13 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1002: \u00c6thelred massacres the Danes on St Brice\u2019s Day<\/h4>\n
More than a millennium later, the St Brice\u2019s Day Massacre<\/a> remains one of the most blood-curdling events in English history. For years \u00c6thelred II had been struggling to cope with Viking raids on England\u2019s shores. Often \u00c6thelred paid the raiders off and allowed them to settle in the eastern part of his country, known as the Danelaw, where Scandinavian settlers already used Danish language and law. But shortly after the turn of the new century, the king\u2019s patience ran out.<\/p>\nWe will never really know the tensions and motives that provoked \u00c6thelred to order the extermination of the Danes in England. Nor will we know how many were killed, although possible sites for mass graves have been identified in the West Country and Oxford, where a royal charter later described Danish men being burned alive in St Frideswide\u2019s Church.<\/p>\n
14 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1770: James Bruce reaches the Blue Nile\u2019s source<\/h4>\n
Emotion overcame him. \u201cThough a mere private Briton,\u201d Bruce later wrote, \u201cI triumphed here, in my own mind, over kings and their armies.\u201d He took out a cup made from a coconut shell, which he had bought in Arabia, and filled it with water from the spring. Then, at last, he drank a toast \u201cto His Majesty King George III, and a long line of princes\u201d.<\/p>\n
\n- Read more | The quest for the source of the Nile<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
15 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1979: Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher<\/a> informs the House of Commons<\/a> that the former surveyor of the queen\u2019s pictures and director of the Courtauld Institute, Anthony Blunt, had been a Soviet spy<\/h4>\n ![\"Sir]( "\\"Sir")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div> Sir Anthony Blunt, Surveyor of the Queen\u2019s Pictures, at Hampton Court Palace, 1975. When he was publicly revealed as a Soviet spy in 1979, he was stripped of his knighthood. (Photo by Chris Ware\/Keystone\/Hulton Archive\/Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n16 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1632: Gustavus Adolphus is killed at L\u00fctzen<\/h4>\n
On the morning of 16 November 1632, fog hung over the fields of L\u00fctzen. For more than a decade, central Europe had been torn apart by war, with rival Protestant and Catholic armies tramping back and forth amid scenes of appalling slaughter, hunger and devastation.<\/p>\n
Leading a cavalry charge, Protestant hero Gustavus Adolphus had become separated in the mist from his fellow officers. An enemy bullet shattered his left arm; another disoriented his horse, which ran wild behind enemy lines. Another shot hit the king in the back. He fell to the ground, where one last shot, this time to the head, brought his life to an end.<\/p>\n
17 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1558: Elizabeth I<\/a> hears of Mary I\u2019s death<\/h4>\nLegend has it that Mary\u2019s half-sister, Elizabeth, was reading beneath a tree at Hatfield House, in Hertfordshire, when the council arrived with the news. Just 25 years old, she had recently spent months under house arrest. Now she was queen. According to one account, she fell to her knees. \u201cThis is the Lord\u2019s doing: it is marvellous in our eyes,\u201d she reportedly said.<\/p>\n
18 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1978: More than 900 followers of cult leader Jim Jones take part in a mass suicide by drinking cyanide at the People\u2019s Temple Agricultural Project in Jonestown, Guyana<\/h4>\n19 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1969: Apollo 12 astronauts Charles \u2018Pete\u2019 Conrad and Alan Bean became the third and fourth men to have walked on the moon<\/h4>\n20 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1947: Princess Elizabeth marries Philip<\/a>, Duke of Edinburgh, at Westminster<\/h4>\n ![\"Elizabeth]( "\\"Queen")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div> Princess Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth II with her husband Phillip, Duke of Edinburgh, on their wedding day. (Photo by \u00a9 Hulton-Deutsch Collection\/CORBIS\/Corbis via Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n21 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1920: Carnage unfolds on Bloody Sunday<\/a><\/h4>\nThousands of spectators poured into Croke Park for the Gaelic football match between Dublin and Tipperary. Unfortunately, the British had identified the match as a potential flashpoint, and as the clock ticked towards half past three, the stadium was surrounded by policemen, auxiliaries and \u2018Black and Tans\u2019 \u2013 British recruits drafted into the local police force, most of whom were unemployed war veterans.<\/p>\n
\n- Read more | Why we should remember Bloody Sunday<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
What followed was carnage. Almost as soon as the first Black and Tans reached the stadium, they began shooting. According to one republican paper, \u201cthe spectators were startled by a volley of shots fired from inside the turnstile entrances. Armed and uniformed men were seen entering the field, and immediately after the firing broke out, scenes of the wildest confusion took place. The spectators made a rush for the far side of Croke Park and shots were fired over their heads and into the crowd.\u201d<\/p>\n
The gunfire lasted for just two minutes; but that was all it took. Fourteen civilians were killed or mortally wounded, including a young woman about to get married and two boys, aged 10 and 11. Ever since, Bloody Sunday has been a near-sacred day in Irish history.<\/p>\n Deaths in November<\/h2>\n3 November 1428<\/h6>\n
Thomas Montacute, fourth Earl of Salisbury<\/p>\n
5 November 1459<\/h6>\n
Sir John Fastolf, Hundred Years\u2019 War veteran<\/p>\n
6 November 1927<\/h6>\n
David George Hogarth, archaeologist and mentor of author TE Lawrence<\/p>\n
9 November 1809<\/h6>\n
Paul Sandby, painter and engraver<\/p>\n
10 November 1549<\/h6>\n
Pope Paul III<\/p>\n
12 November 1671<\/h6>\n
Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron<\/p>\n
13 November 1849<\/h6>\n
William Etty, painter<\/p>\n
14 November 1687<\/h6>\n
Eleanor \u2018Nell\u2019 Gwyn, former mistress of Charles II<\/p>\n
16 November 1950<\/h6>\n
Robert Holbrook Smith, physician and surgeon<\/p>\n
20 November 1591<\/h6>\n
Sir Christopher Hatton, lord chancellor of England<\/p>\n
22 November 1900<\/h6>\n
Sir Arthur Sullivan, composer<\/p>\n
27 November 1811<\/h6>\n
Andrew Meikle, millwright and mechanical engineer<\/p>\n
28 November 1968<\/h6>\n
Enid Blyton, children\u2019s author<\/p>\n
29 November 1908<\/h6>\n
Julia Huxley, educationalist<\/p>\n
<\/p><\/div> <\/section>
22 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1718: The navy bring down Blackbeard<\/a><\/h4>\nOn 21 November 1718, a British naval lieutenant, Robert Maynard, tracked Blackbeard down to Ocracoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina. Early the next morning, Maynard\u2019s two sloops moved in for the kill. But Blackbeard was not going down without a fight. In his first devastating exchange of fire, he effectively disabled one of Maynard\u2019s ships; then Teach\u2019s ship, the\u202f Adventure, closed in for boarding.<\/p>\n
![\"Illustration]( "\\"Blackbeard.\\"\/")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div> Illustration of Blackbeard. (Photo by Fototeca Gilardi\/Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\nConvinced that most of Maynard\u2019s men had been killed, Blackbeard led his men abroad, cutlasses and flintlocks in hand. But then Maynard\u2019s men burst out of the hold, where they had been hiding, and took the pirates by surprise. The fighting was brief but savage. Pushed back, Teach was slashed across the neck by one of Maynard\u2019s men; then the others moved in to finish the job.<\/p>\n
By the time it was over, Blackbeard was dead, with five bullet wounds and about 20\u202fstab wounds. His legend, however, endures to this day.<\/p>\n
23 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1963: The Doctor<\/a> steps inside the TARDIS for the very first time<\/h4>\nEven as its unearthly title music filled the air, few knew what to expect from\u00a0Doctor Who. The\u00a0Radio Times\u00a0<\/em>had billed the programme as \u201can adventure in space and time\u201d, explaining that its heroes might find themselves in \u201ca distant galaxy where civilisation has been devastated by the blast of a neutron bomb or they may find themselves journeying to far Cathay in the caravan of\u00a0Marco Polo\u201d.<\/p>\nYet most of the first episode was set in a contemporary London secondary school. Indeed, the programme itself had unpromising origins, having been designed as a schedule-filler to follow Grandstand.<\/p>\n
24 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1877: Black Beauty hits the shelves<\/h4>\n
It was a colossal hit, selling tens of millions of copies worldwide.<\/p>\n
Sewell died five months after publication, just long enough to see\u00a0Black Beauty<\/em>\u00a0become a success. One scholar calls it \u201cthe most influential anti-cruelty novel of all time\u201d.<\/p>\n25 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1963: America mourns John F Kennedy<\/h4>\n
The American people were still in shock, three days after\u00a0John F Kennedy<\/a>\u2019s murder\u00a0in Dallas. ![\"Black]( "\\"Members")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div> Members of the Kennedy family at the funeral of assassinated president John F. Kennedy at Washington DC. From left: Senator Edward Kennedy, Caroline Kennedy, (aged 6), Jackie Kennedy (1929 \u2013 1994), Attorney General Robert Kennedy and John Kennedy (1960 \u2013 1999) (aged 3). (Photo by Keystone\/Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n26 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1559: The future Bishop of Salisbury, John Jewel, preaches his famous \u2018Challenge Sermon\u2019 from Paul\u2019s Cross<\/h4>\n
In it he challenged the Catholic church to provide biblical authority for 27 of its articles of faith.<\/p>\n
27 November<\/a><\/h2>\n43 BC: Rome\u2019s Second Triumvirate is formally constituted by law<\/h4>\n
Meeting near Bologna in November, Mark Antony, Lepidus and Octavian came to an arrangement. After two days of talks, the result \u2013 passed into law on 27 November \u2013 was the \u201cThree-Man Commission for Organising the State\u201d, better known as the Second Triumvirate. From now on, the three triumvirs could pass laws without the approval of the Senate or the Roman people, name magistrates as they pleased and make judgments with no risk of appeal. They were, in other words, dictators.<\/p>\n
28 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1917: The Balfour Declaration (named after British foreign secretary Balfour) supports Jewish settlement in Palestine<\/a><\/h4>\n3 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1957: Russians launch Sputnik II<\/h4>\n
On board is the dog Laika<\/a>, the first known living animal to travel in space.<\/p>\n ![\"Laika,]( "\\"Laika")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div> Laika, the Russian space dog, inside the Soviet satellite Sputnik II in preparation of becoming the first living creature to orbit the earth. (Picture by GettyImages)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n4 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1839: Chaos ensues in the Newport Rising<\/h4>\n
In the late 1830s, south Wales was not a happy place. Thousands lived in grinding poverty, while the government\u2019s rejection of the People\u2019s Charter of 1838 \u2013 which demanded the right to vote for working men \u2013 had provoked intense political discontent.<\/p>\n
Having divided into two vast streams, a crowd of 7,000 marchers united in front of the Westgate Hotel, where the guests would usually have been eating breakfast. After a great deal of shouting and cheering, they promptly laid siege to the hotel. Gunshots echoed back and forth between armed demonstrators and the soldiers within: \u201cNothing,\u201d one observer told\u202f The Times<\/em>, \u201ccan heighten the horror of the scene at this moment.\u201d<\/p>\nThe town\u2019s mayor, who attempted to read the Riot Act, was badly wounded by Chartist musket-fire, but the soldiers\u2019 superior discipline and firepower won the day. 22 people had been killed and dozens were injured. The rising\u2019s leaders were sentenced to death by hanging and quartering, commuted to transportation to Tasmania for life. Newport\u2019s mayor, however, ended up with a knighthood.<\/p>\n
5 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1605: The Gunpowder Plot<\/a> is foiled and the conspirators arrested<\/h4>\nIn the small hours of the following morning, James I<\/a>\u2019s men discovered Fawkes, calling himself John Johnson, in a large cloak and hat, carrying a pocket watch, lantern and matches. Beneath his so-called firewood were at least 30 barrels of gunpowder.<\/p>\nWhen Fawkes\u2019 captors asked what he was doing, he said defiantly that he wanted to \u201cblow you Scotch beggars back to your native mountains\u201d. For the next two days, even under torture, he refused to name his co-conspirators. But the king\u2019s interrogators broke him eventually. Hanged almost three months later, Fawkes was reincarnated every bonfire night for centuries to come.<\/p>\n
6 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1429: Henry VI<\/a>\u00a0is crowned king of England in\u00a0Westminster Abbey<\/a><\/h4>\nThis event was a month before his eighth birthday. He had inherited the throne as an eight-month-old baby following the early death of his father,\u00a0Henry V, in 1421.<\/p>\n
![\"Black]( "\\"Henry")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div> An illustration of Henry VI being crowned at Notre Dame cathedrale in Paris in 1430. (Photo by Photo12\/UIG\/Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n7 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1940: Washington State\u2019s Tacomah Narrows bridge collapses during a severe gale<\/h4>\n
The third longest suspension bridge in America at the time, it had only been open to traffic for a few months. Incredibly, the only casualty was a small dog called Tubby.<\/p>\n
8 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1519: Conquistador Cort\u00e9s meets emperor Moctezuma<\/a>. This encounter leads to the fall of the Aztec empire<\/h4>\nHistorians still dispute what the two men said that day. Did Moctezuma seriously believe, for example, that Cort\u00e9s was a god, come to reclaim his kingdom? What is not in doubt, though, is the Spaniards\u2019 eagerness to emphasise that they came in peace. \u201cThere is nothing to fear,\u201d Cort\u00e9s told his interpreter. \u201cWe have wanted to see him for a long time, and now we have seen his face and heard his words. Tell him that we love him well and that our hearts are contented.\u201d<\/p>\n
Then they went into the city. Six days later, Moctezuma was a prisoner; seven months after that, he was dead.<\/p>\n
9 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1989: The Berlin Wall<\/a> comes down<\/h4>\nAt 10.45pm the border guards, having given up trying to control the waves of people, opened the gates. At that moment, Schabowski said later, East Germany simply \u201cceased to exist\u201d.<\/p>\n
The scene that night, which immediately flashed around the world, became one of the iconic moments of the 20th century. Even as West and East Germans wept, hugged and shared bottles of champagne, the communist empire was falling apart.<\/p>\n
10 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1871: Welsh reporter Henry Morton Stanley found the missing David Livingstone<\/h4>\n ![\"Livingstone]( "\\"Livingstone")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div> Livingstone and Stanley receiving newspapers in Central Africa. (Photo by Historica Graphica Collection\/Heritage Images\/Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\nBy the autumn of 1871, the missionary David Livingstone had been missing for more than five years. He had set out from Zanzibar to find the source of the Nile, believing that it was probably located further south than previous explorers had suggested.<\/p>\n
Salvation, however, was at hand, in the form of the Welsh reporter Henry Morton Stanley, who had been sent to Africa by the New York Herald to find the missing missionary. On 10 November, after a nightmarish journey of some 700 miles, Stanley walked into Ujiji on the banks of Lake Tanganyika. And when he saw Livingstone\u2019s pale, bearded face, he knew he had struck gold.<\/p>\n
11 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1619: Sir John Bourchier is knighted by King\u00a0James VI and I<\/a><\/h4>\nThirty years later he signed the death warrant of James\u2019s son,\u00a0Charles I<\/a>. At the Restoration, Bourchier was too ill to stand trial and he died unrepentant.<\/p>\n Births in November<\/h2>\n2 November 1470<\/h6>\n
Edward V\u00a0<\/p>\n
4 November 1631<\/h6>\n
Mary, eldest daughter of Charles I and Henrietta Maria<\/p>\n
7 November 1687<\/h6>\n
William Stukeley, archaeologist noted for his work on Stonehenge<\/p>\n
7 November 1888<\/h6>\n
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, physicist awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 for his work on the diffraction of light<\/p>\n
9 November 1841<\/h6>\n
Edward VII<\/p>\n
10 November 1697<\/h6>\n
William Hogarth, artist<\/p>\n
10 November 1880<\/h6>\n
Jacob Epstein, one of the leading British sculptors of the 20th century<\/p>\n
13 November 1850<\/h6>\n
Robert Louis Stevenson, Scottish novelist, poet and travel writer<\/p>\n
15 November 1708<\/h6>\n
William Pitt the elder, future Earl of Chatham, architect of Britain\u2019s success in the Seven Years\u2019 War and prime minister from 1766 to 1768<\/p>\n
18 November 1787<\/h6>\n
Louis Daguerre, artist and photographic pioneer<\/p>\n
19 November 1600<\/h6>\n
King Charles I<\/p>\n
19 November 1917<\/h6>\n
Indira Nehru Gandhi, politician\u00a0<\/p>\n
22 November 1761<\/h6>\n
Dorothy Jordan, actress and mistress of the Duke of Clarence, the future William IV<\/p>\n
24 November 1632<\/h6>\n
Baruch Spinoza, philosopher<\/p>\n
24 November 1849<\/h6>\n
Frances Eliza Hodgson, writer<\/p>\n
26 November 1810<\/h6>\n
William Armstrong, inventor and industrialist<\/p>\n
28 November 1757<\/h6>\n
William Blake, poet and artist<\/p>\n
30 November 1508<\/h6>\n
Andrea Palladio, one of Western Europe\u2019s most influential architects<\/p>\n
<\/p><\/div> <\/section>
12 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1980: After a three-year journey, the Voyager One space probe flies by Saturn<\/h4>\n
It sent back the first high-definition images of the planet, its rings and satellites.<\/p>\n
13 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1002: \u00c6thelred massacres the Danes on St Brice\u2019s Day<\/h4>\n
More than a millennium later, the St Brice\u2019s Day Massacre<\/a> remains one of the most blood-curdling events in English history. For years \u00c6thelred II had been struggling to cope with Viking raids on England\u2019s shores. Often \u00c6thelred paid the raiders off and allowed them to settle in the eastern part of his country, known as the Danelaw, where Scandinavian settlers already used Danish language and law. But shortly after the turn of the new century, the king\u2019s patience ran out.<\/p>\nWe will never really know the tensions and motives that provoked \u00c6thelred to order the extermination of the Danes in England. Nor will we know how many were killed, although possible sites for mass graves have been identified in the West Country and Oxford, where a royal charter later described Danish men being burned alive in St Frideswide\u2019s Church.<\/p>\n
14 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1770: James Bruce reaches the Blue Nile\u2019s source<\/h4>\n
Emotion overcame him. \u201cThough a mere private Briton,\u201d Bruce later wrote, \u201cI triumphed here, in my own mind, over kings and their armies.\u201d He took out a cup made from a coconut shell, which he had bought in Arabia, and filled it with water from the spring. Then, at last, he drank a toast \u201cto His Majesty King George III, and a long line of princes\u201d.<\/p>\n
\n- Read more | The quest for the source of the Nile<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
15 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1979: Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher<\/a> informs the House of Commons<\/a> that the former surveyor of the queen\u2019s pictures and director of the Courtauld Institute, Anthony Blunt, had been a Soviet spy<\/h4>\n ![\"Sir]( "\\"Sir")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div> Sir Anthony Blunt, Surveyor of the Queen\u2019s Pictures, at Hampton Court Palace, 1975. When he was publicly revealed as a Soviet spy in 1979, he was stripped of his knighthood. (Photo by Chris Ware\/Keystone\/Hulton Archive\/Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n16 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1632: Gustavus Adolphus is killed at L\u00fctzen<\/h4>\n
On the morning of 16 November 1632, fog hung over the fields of L\u00fctzen. For more than a decade, central Europe had been torn apart by war, with rival Protestant and Catholic armies tramping back and forth amid scenes of appalling slaughter, hunger and devastation.<\/p>\n
Leading a cavalry charge, Protestant hero Gustavus Adolphus had become separated in the mist from his fellow officers. An enemy bullet shattered his left arm; another disoriented his horse, which ran wild behind enemy lines. Another shot hit the king in the back. He fell to the ground, where one last shot, this time to the head, brought his life to an end.<\/p>\n
17 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1558: Elizabeth I<\/a> hears of Mary I\u2019s death<\/h4>\nLegend has it that Mary\u2019s half-sister, Elizabeth, was reading beneath a tree at Hatfield House, in Hertfordshire, when the council arrived with the news. Just 25 years old, she had recently spent months under house arrest. Now she was queen. According to one account, she fell to her knees. \u201cThis is the Lord\u2019s doing: it is marvellous in our eyes,\u201d she reportedly said.<\/p>\n
18 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1978: More than 900 followers of cult leader Jim Jones take part in a mass suicide by drinking cyanide at the People\u2019s Temple Agricultural Project in Jonestown, Guyana<\/h4>\n19 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1969: Apollo 12 astronauts Charles \u2018Pete\u2019 Conrad and Alan Bean became the third and fourth men to have walked on the moon<\/h4>\n20 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1947: Princess Elizabeth marries Philip<\/a>, Duke of Edinburgh, at Westminster<\/h4>\n ![\"Elizabeth]( "\\"Queen")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div> Princess Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth II with her husband Phillip, Duke of Edinburgh, on their wedding day. (Photo by \u00a9 Hulton-Deutsch Collection\/CORBIS\/Corbis via Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n21 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1920: Carnage unfolds on Bloody Sunday<\/a><\/h4>\nThousands of spectators poured into Croke Park for the Gaelic football match between Dublin and Tipperary. Unfortunately, the British had identified the match as a potential flashpoint, and as the clock ticked towards half past three, the stadium was surrounded by policemen, auxiliaries and \u2018Black and Tans\u2019 \u2013 British recruits drafted into the local police force, most of whom were unemployed war veterans.<\/p>\n
\n- Read more | Why we should remember Bloody Sunday<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
What followed was carnage. Almost as soon as the first Black and Tans reached the stadium, they began shooting. According to one republican paper, \u201cthe spectators were startled by a volley of shots fired from inside the turnstile entrances. Armed and uniformed men were seen entering the field, and immediately after the firing broke out, scenes of the wildest confusion took place. The spectators made a rush for the far side of Croke Park and shots were fired over their heads and into the crowd.\u201d<\/p>\n
The gunfire lasted for just two minutes; but that was all it took. Fourteen civilians were killed or mortally wounded, including a young woman about to get married and two boys, aged 10 and 11. Ever since, Bloody Sunday has been a near-sacred day in Irish history.<\/p>\n Deaths in November<\/h2>\n3 November 1428<\/h6>\n
Thomas Montacute, fourth Earl of Salisbury<\/p>\n
5 November 1459<\/h6>\n
Sir John Fastolf, Hundred Years\u2019 War veteran<\/p>\n
6 November 1927<\/h6>\n
David George Hogarth, archaeologist and mentor of author TE Lawrence<\/p>\n
9 November 1809<\/h6>\n
Paul Sandby, painter and engraver<\/p>\n
10 November 1549<\/h6>\n
Pope Paul III<\/p>\n
12 November 1671<\/h6>\n
Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron<\/p>\n
13 November 1849<\/h6>\n
William Etty, painter<\/p>\n
14 November 1687<\/h6>\n
Eleanor \u2018Nell\u2019 Gwyn, former mistress of Charles II<\/p>\n
16 November 1950<\/h6>\n
Robert Holbrook Smith, physician and surgeon<\/p>\n
20 November 1591<\/h6>\n
Sir Christopher Hatton, lord chancellor of England<\/p>\n
22 November 1900<\/h6>\n
Sir Arthur Sullivan, composer<\/p>\n
27 November 1811<\/h6>\n
Andrew Meikle, millwright and mechanical engineer<\/p>\n
28 November 1968<\/h6>\n
Enid Blyton, children\u2019s author<\/p>\n
29 November 1908<\/h6>\n
Julia Huxley, educationalist<\/p>\n
<\/p><\/div> <\/section>
22 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1718: The navy bring down Blackbeard<\/a><\/h4>\nOn 21 November 1718, a British naval lieutenant, Robert Maynard, tracked Blackbeard down to Ocracoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina. Early the next morning, Maynard\u2019s two sloops moved in for the kill. But Blackbeard was not going down without a fight. In his first devastating exchange of fire, he effectively disabled one of Maynard\u2019s ships; then Teach\u2019s ship, the\u202f Adventure, closed in for boarding.<\/p>\n
![\"Illustration]( "\\"Blackbeard.\\"\/")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div> Illustration of Blackbeard. (Photo by Fototeca Gilardi\/Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\nConvinced that most of Maynard\u2019s men had been killed, Blackbeard led his men abroad, cutlasses and flintlocks in hand. But then Maynard\u2019s men burst out of the hold, where they had been hiding, and took the pirates by surprise. The fighting was brief but savage. Pushed back, Teach was slashed across the neck by one of Maynard\u2019s men; then the others moved in to finish the job.<\/p>\n
By the time it was over, Blackbeard was dead, with five bullet wounds and about 20\u202fstab wounds. His legend, however, endures to this day.<\/p>\n
23 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1963: The Doctor<\/a> steps inside the TARDIS for the very first time<\/h4>\nEven as its unearthly title music filled the air, few knew what to expect from\u00a0Doctor Who. The\u00a0Radio Times\u00a0<\/em>had billed the programme as \u201can adventure in space and time\u201d, explaining that its heroes might find themselves in \u201ca distant galaxy where civilisation has been devastated by the blast of a neutron bomb or they may find themselves journeying to far Cathay in the caravan of\u00a0Marco Polo\u201d.<\/p>\nYet most of the first episode was set in a contemporary London secondary school. Indeed, the programme itself had unpromising origins, having been designed as a schedule-filler to follow Grandstand.<\/p>\n
24 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1877: Black Beauty hits the shelves<\/h4>\n
It was a colossal hit, selling tens of millions of copies worldwide.<\/p>\n
Sewell died five months after publication, just long enough to see\u00a0Black Beauty<\/em>\u00a0become a success. One scholar calls it \u201cthe most influential anti-cruelty novel of all time\u201d.<\/p>\n25 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1963: America mourns John F Kennedy<\/h4>\n
The American people were still in shock, three days after\u00a0John F Kennedy<\/a>\u2019s murder\u00a0in Dallas. ![\"Black]( "\\"Members")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div> Members of the Kennedy family at the funeral of assassinated president John F. Kennedy at Washington DC. From left: Senator Edward Kennedy, Caroline Kennedy, (aged 6), Jackie Kennedy (1929 \u2013 1994), Attorney General Robert Kennedy and John Kennedy (1960 \u2013 1999) (aged 3). (Photo by Keystone\/Getty Images)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n26 November<\/a><\/h2>\n1559: The future Bishop of Salisbury, John Jewel, preaches his famous \u2018Challenge Sermon\u2019 from Paul\u2019s Cross<\/h4>\n
In it he challenged the Catholic church to provide biblical authority for 27 of its articles of faith.<\/p>\n
27 November<\/a><\/h2>\n43 BC: Rome\u2019s Second Triumvirate is formally constituted by law<\/h4>\n
Meeting near Bologna in November, Mark Antony, Lepidus and Octavian came to an arrangement. After two days of talks, the result \u2013 passed into law on 27 November \u2013 was the \u201cThree-Man Commission for Organising the State\u201d, better known as the Second Triumvirate. From now on, the three triumvirs could pass laws without the approval of the Senate or the Roman people, name magistrates as they pleased and make judgments with no risk of appeal. They were, in other words, dictators.<\/p>\n
28 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1957: Russians launch Sputnik II<\/h4>\n
On board is the dog Laika<\/a>, the first known living animal to travel in space.<\/p>\n In the late 1830s, south Wales was not a happy place. Thousands lived in grinding poverty, while the government\u2019s rejection of the People\u2019s Charter of 1838 \u2013 which demanded the right to vote for working men \u2013 had provoked intense political discontent.<\/p>\n Having divided into two vast streams, a crowd of 7,000 marchers united in front of the Westgate Hotel, where the guests would usually have been eating breakfast. After a great deal of shouting and cheering, they promptly laid siege to the hotel. Gunshots echoed back and forth between armed demonstrators and the soldiers within: \u201cNothing,\u201d one observer told\u202f The Times<\/em>, \u201ccan heighten the horror of the scene at this moment.\u201d<\/p>\n The town\u2019s mayor, who attempted to read the Riot Act, was badly wounded by Chartist musket-fire, but the soldiers\u2019 superior discipline and firepower won the day. 22 people had been killed and dozens were injured. The rising\u2019s leaders were sentenced to death by hanging and quartering, commuted to transportation to Tasmania for life. Newport\u2019s mayor, however, ended up with a knighthood.<\/p>\n In the small hours of the following morning, James I<\/a>\u2019s men discovered Fawkes, calling himself John Johnson, in a large cloak and hat, carrying a pocket watch, lantern and matches. Beneath his so-called firewood were at least 30 barrels of gunpowder.<\/p>\n When Fawkes\u2019 captors asked what he was doing, he said defiantly that he wanted to \u201cblow you Scotch beggars back to your native mountains\u201d. For the next two days, even under torture, he refused to name his co-conspirators. But the king\u2019s interrogators broke him eventually. Hanged almost three months later, Fawkes was reincarnated every bonfire night for centuries to come.<\/p>\n This event was a month before his eighth birthday. He had inherited the throne as an eight-month-old baby following the early death of his father,\u00a0Henry V, in 1421.<\/p>\n The third longest suspension bridge in America at the time, it had only been open to traffic for a few months. Incredibly, the only casualty was a small dog called Tubby.<\/p>\n Historians still dispute what the two men said that day. Did Moctezuma seriously believe, for example, that Cort\u00e9s was a god, come to reclaim his kingdom? What is not in doubt, though, is the Spaniards\u2019 eagerness to emphasise that they came in peace. \u201cThere is nothing to fear,\u201d Cort\u00e9s told his interpreter. \u201cWe have wanted to see him for a long time, and now we have seen his face and heard his words. Tell him that we love him well and that our hearts are contented.\u201d<\/p>\n Then they went into the city. Six days later, Moctezuma was a prisoner; seven months after that, he was dead.<\/p>\n At 10.45pm the border guards, having given up trying to control the waves of people, opened the gates. At that moment, Schabowski said later, East Germany simply \u201cceased to exist\u201d.<\/p>\n The scene that night, which immediately flashed around the world, became one of the iconic moments of the 20th century. Even as West and East Germans wept, hugged and shared bottles of champagne, the communist empire was falling apart.<\/p>\n By the autumn of 1871, the missionary David Livingstone had been missing for more than five years. He had set out from Zanzibar to find the source of the Nile, believing that it was probably located further south than previous explorers had suggested.<\/p>\n Salvation, however, was at hand, in the form of the Welsh reporter Henry Morton Stanley, who had been sent to Africa by the New York Herald to find the missing missionary. On 10 November, after a nightmarish journey of some 700 miles, Stanley walked into Ujiji on the banks of Lake Tanganyika. And when he saw Livingstone\u2019s pale, bearded face, he knew he had struck gold.<\/p>\n Thirty years later he signed the death warrant of James\u2019s son,\u00a0Charles I<\/a>. At the Restoration, Bourchier was too ill to stand trial and he died unrepentant.<\/p>\n Edward V\u00a0<\/p>\n Mary, eldest daughter of Charles I and Henrietta Maria<\/p>\n William Stukeley, archaeologist noted for his work on Stonehenge<\/p>\n Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, physicist awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 for his work on the diffraction of light<\/p>\n Edward VII<\/p>\n William Hogarth, artist<\/p>\n Jacob Epstein, one of the leading British sculptors of the 20th century<\/p>\n Robert Louis Stevenson, Scottish novelist, poet and travel writer<\/p>\n William Pitt the elder, future Earl of Chatham, architect of Britain\u2019s success in the Seven Years\u2019 War and prime minister from 1766 to 1768<\/p>\n Louis Daguerre, artist and photographic pioneer<\/p>\n King Charles I<\/p>\n Indira Nehru Gandhi, politician\u00a0<\/p>\n Dorothy Jordan, actress and mistress of the Duke of Clarence, the future William IV<\/p>\n Baruch Spinoza, philosopher<\/p>\n Frances Eliza Hodgson, writer<\/p>\n William Armstrong, inventor and industrialist<\/p>\n William Blake, poet and artist<\/p>\n Andrea Palladio, one of Western Europe\u2019s most influential architects<\/p>\n <\/p><\/div> <\/section> It sent back the first high-definition images of the planet, its rings and satellites.<\/p>\n More than a millennium later, the St Brice\u2019s Day Massacre<\/a> remains one of the most blood-curdling events in English history. For years \u00c6thelred II had been struggling to cope with Viking raids on England\u2019s shores. Often \u00c6thelred paid the raiders off and allowed them to settle in the eastern part of his country, known as the Danelaw, where Scandinavian settlers already used Danish language and law. But shortly after the turn of the new century, the king\u2019s patience ran out.<\/p>\n We will never really know the tensions and motives that provoked \u00c6thelred to order the extermination of the Danes in England. Nor will we know how many were killed, although possible sites for mass graves have been identified in the West Country and Oxford, where a royal charter later described Danish men being burned alive in St Frideswide\u2019s Church.<\/p>\n Emotion overcame him. \u201cThough a mere private Briton,\u201d Bruce later wrote, \u201cI triumphed here, in my own mind, over kings and their armies.\u201d He took out a cup made from a coconut shell, which he had bought in Arabia, and filled it with water from the spring. Then, at last, he drank a toast \u201cto His Majesty King George III, and a long line of princes\u201d.<\/p>\n On the morning of 16 November 1632, fog hung over the fields of L\u00fctzen. For more than a decade, central Europe had been torn apart by war, with rival Protestant and Catholic armies tramping back and forth amid scenes of appalling slaughter, hunger and devastation.<\/p>\n Leading a cavalry charge, Protestant hero Gustavus Adolphus had become separated in the mist from his fellow officers. An enemy bullet shattered his left arm; another disoriented his horse, which ran wild behind enemy lines. Another shot hit the king in the back. He fell to the ground, where one last shot, this time to the head, brought his life to an end.<\/p>\n Legend has it that Mary\u2019s half-sister, Elizabeth, was reading beneath a tree at Hatfield House, in Hertfordshire, when the council arrived with the news. Just 25 years old, she had recently spent months under house arrest. Now she was queen. According to one account, she fell to her knees. \u201cThis is the Lord\u2019s doing: it is marvellous in our eyes,\u201d she reportedly said.<\/p>\n Thousands of spectators poured into Croke Park for the Gaelic football match between Dublin and Tipperary. Unfortunately, the British had identified the match as a potential flashpoint, and as the clock ticked towards half past three, the stadium was surrounded by policemen, auxiliaries and \u2018Black and Tans\u2019 \u2013 British recruits drafted into the local police force, most of whom were unemployed war veterans.<\/p>\n What followed was carnage. Almost as soon as the first Black and Tans reached the stadium, they began shooting. According to one republican paper, \u201cthe spectators were startled by a volley of shots fired from inside the turnstile entrances. Armed and uniformed men were seen entering the field, and immediately after the firing broke out, scenes of the wildest confusion took place. The spectators made a rush for the far side of Croke Park and shots were fired over their heads and into the crowd.\u201d<\/p>\n The gunfire lasted for just two minutes; but that was all it took. Fourteen civilians were killed or mortally wounded, including a young woman about to get married and two boys, aged 10 and 11. Ever since, Bloody Sunday has been a near-sacred day in Irish history.<\/p>\n Thomas Montacute, fourth Earl of Salisbury<\/p>\n Sir John Fastolf, Hundred Years\u2019 War veteran<\/p>\n David George Hogarth, archaeologist and mentor of author TE Lawrence<\/p>\n Paul Sandby, painter and engraver<\/p>\n Pope Paul III<\/p>\n Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron<\/p>\n William Etty, painter<\/p>\n Eleanor \u2018Nell\u2019 Gwyn, former mistress of Charles II<\/p>\n Robert Holbrook Smith, physician and surgeon<\/p>\n Sir Christopher Hatton, lord chancellor of England<\/p>\n Sir Arthur Sullivan, composer<\/p>\n Andrew Meikle, millwright and mechanical engineer<\/p>\n Enid Blyton, children\u2019s author<\/p>\n Julia Huxley, educationalist<\/p>\n <\/p><\/div> <\/section> On 21 November 1718, a British naval lieutenant, Robert Maynard, tracked Blackbeard down to Ocracoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina. Early the next morning, Maynard\u2019s two sloops moved in for the kill. But Blackbeard was not going down without a fight. In his first devastating exchange of fire, he effectively disabled one of Maynard\u2019s ships; then Teach\u2019s ship, the\u202f Adventure, closed in for boarding.<\/p>\n Convinced that most of Maynard\u2019s men had been killed, Blackbeard led his men abroad, cutlasses and flintlocks in hand. But then Maynard\u2019s men burst out of the hold, where they had been hiding, and took the pirates by surprise. The fighting was brief but savage. Pushed back, Teach was slashed across the neck by one of Maynard\u2019s men; then the others moved in to finish the job.<\/p>\n By the time it was over, Blackbeard was dead, with five bullet wounds and about 20\u202fstab wounds. His legend, however, endures to this day.<\/p>\n Even as its unearthly title music filled the air, few knew what to expect from\u00a0Doctor Who. The\u00a0Radio Times\u00a0<\/em>had billed the programme as \u201can adventure in space and time\u201d, explaining that its heroes might find themselves in \u201ca distant galaxy where civilisation has been devastated by the blast of a neutron bomb or they may find themselves journeying to far Cathay in the caravan of\u00a0Marco Polo\u201d.<\/p>\n Yet most of the first episode was set in a contemporary London secondary school. Indeed, the programme itself had unpromising origins, having been designed as a schedule-filler to follow Grandstand.<\/p>\n It was a colossal hit, selling tens of millions of copies worldwide.<\/p>\n Sewell died five months after publication, just long enough to see\u00a0Black Beauty<\/em>\u00a0become a success. One scholar calls it \u201cthe most influential anti-cruelty novel of all time\u201d.<\/p>\n The American people were still in shock, three days after\u00a0John F Kennedy<\/a>\u2019s murder\u00a0in Dallas. In it he challenged the Catholic church to provide biblical authority for 27 of its articles of faith.<\/p>\n Meeting near Bologna in November, Mark Antony, Lepidus and Octavian came to an arrangement. After two days of talks, the result \u2013 passed into law on 27 November \u2013 was the \u201cThree-Man Commission for Organising the State\u201d, better known as the Second Triumvirate. From now on, the three triumvirs could pass laws without the approval of the Senate or the Roman people, name magistrates as they pleased and make judgments with no risk of appeal. They were, in other words, dictators.<\/p>\n![\"Laika,](\"https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2023\/10\/GettyImages-515031406-56f237a-e1697713169378.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C412\" "\\"Laika")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>4 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1839: Chaos ensues in the Newport Rising<\/h4>\n
5 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1605: The Gunpowder Plot<\/a> is foiled and the conspirators arrested<\/h4>\n
6 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1429: Henry VI<\/a>\u00a0is crowned king of England in\u00a0Westminster Abbey<\/a><\/h4>\n
![\"Black](\"https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2023\/10\/GettyImages-152230862-5447520-e1697712805550.jpg?quality=90&resize=619%2C413\" "\\"Henry")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>7 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1940: Washington State\u2019s Tacomah Narrows bridge collapses during a severe gale<\/h4>\n
8 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1519: Conquistador Cort\u00e9s meets emperor Moctezuma<\/a>. This encounter leads to the fall of the Aztec empire<\/h4>\n
9 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1989: The Berlin Wall<\/a> comes down<\/h4>\n
10 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1871: Welsh reporter Henry Morton Stanley found the missing David Livingstone<\/h4>\n
![\"Livingstone](\"https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2023\/10\/GettyImages-804442264-f653639-e1697713002209.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C411\" "\\"Livingstone")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>11 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1619: Sir John Bourchier is knighted by King\u00a0James VI and I<\/a><\/h4>\n
Births in November<\/h2>\n
2 November 1470<\/h6>\n
4 November 1631<\/h6>\n
7 November 1687<\/h6>\n
7 November 1888<\/h6>\n
9 November 1841<\/h6>\n
10 November 1697<\/h6>\n
10 November 1880<\/h6>\n
13 November 1850<\/h6>\n
15 November 1708<\/h6>\n
18 November 1787<\/h6>\n
19 November 1600<\/h6>\n
19 November 1917<\/h6>\n
22 November 1761<\/h6>\n
24 November 1632<\/h6>\n
24 November 1849<\/h6>\n
26 November 1810<\/h6>\n
28 November 1757<\/h6>\n
30 November 1508<\/h6>\n
12 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1980: After a three-year journey, the Voyager One space probe flies by Saturn<\/h4>\n
13 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1002: \u00c6thelred massacres the Danes on St Brice\u2019s Day<\/h4>\n
14 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1770: James Bruce reaches the Blue Nile\u2019s source<\/h4>\n
\n
15 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1979: Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher<\/a> informs the House of Commons<\/a> that the former surveyor of the queen\u2019s pictures and director of the Courtauld Institute, Anthony Blunt, had been a Soviet spy<\/h4>\n
![\"Sir](\"https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2023\/10\/GettyImages-901876270-099901f-e1697713083980.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C412\" "\\"Sir")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>16 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1632: Gustavus Adolphus is killed at L\u00fctzen<\/h4>\n
17 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1558: Elizabeth I<\/a> hears of Mary I\u2019s death<\/h4>\n
18 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1978: More than 900 followers of cult leader Jim Jones take part in a mass suicide by drinking cyanide at the People\u2019s Temple Agricultural Project in Jonestown, Guyana<\/h4>\n
19 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1969: Apollo 12 astronauts Charles \u2018Pete\u2019 Conrad and Alan Bean became the third and fourth men to have walked on the moon<\/h4>\n
20 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1947: Princess Elizabeth marries Philip<\/a>, Duke of Edinburgh, at Westminster<\/h4>\n
![\"Elizabeth](\"https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2023\/10\/GettyImages-613465636-723e6b3-e1697712938520.jpg?quality=90&resize=619%2C412\" "\\"Queen")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>21 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1920: Carnage unfolds on Bloody Sunday<\/a><\/h4>\n
\n
Deaths in November<\/h2>\n
3 November 1428<\/h6>\n
5 November 1459<\/h6>\n
6 November 1927<\/h6>\n
9 November 1809<\/h6>\n
10 November 1549<\/h6>\n
12 November 1671<\/h6>\n
13 November 1849<\/h6>\n
14 November 1687<\/h6>\n
16 November 1950<\/h6>\n
20 November 1591<\/h6>\n
22 November 1900<\/h6>\n
27 November 1811<\/h6>\n
28 November 1968<\/h6>\n
29 November 1908<\/h6>\n
22 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1718: The navy bring down Blackbeard<\/a><\/h4>\n
![\"Illustration](\"https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2023\/10\/GettyImages-588889795-1-3a45f7a-e1697712869636.jpg?quality=90&resize=619%2C412\" "\\"Blackbeard.\\"\/")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>23 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1963: The Doctor<\/a> steps inside the TARDIS for the very first time<\/h4>\n
24 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1877: Black Beauty hits the shelves<\/h4>\n
25 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1963: America mourns John F Kennedy<\/h4>\n
![\"Black](\"https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2023\/10\/GettyImages-2644066-95fe7e7-e1697712689998.jpg?quality=90&resize=619%2C412\" "\\"Members")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>26 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
1559: The future Bishop of Salisbury, John Jewel, preaches his famous \u2018Challenge Sermon\u2019 from Paul\u2019s Cross<\/h4>\n
27 November<\/a><\/h2>\n
43 BC: Rome\u2019s Second Triumvirate is formally constituted by law<\/h4>\n
28 November<\/a><\/h2>\n