This \u2018glorious\u2019 revolution<\/a>\u2018 had confirmed a Protestant succession, in a predominantly Protestant Great Britain, which, from 1714, was embodied in the Hanoverian dynasty.<\/p>\n Following George I\u2019s accession, several risings in support of the exiled Stuarts<\/a> occurred, most notably in the years 1715 and 1719. By this stage, on the death of James VII and II<\/a> in 1701, the chief claimant (or \u2018old pretender\u2019) was his only legitimate son James Francis Edward (b1688), who was the father of \u2018Bonnie Prince Charlie\u2019 (b1720).<\/p>\n \u201cThe Stuarts had reigned in Scotland for centuries, and the Jacobites craved the reinstatement of the Stuart male line,\u201d says Christopher Whatley<\/a>, professor of Scottish history at the University of Dundee. \u201cThey championed the claim of the exiled James Francis Edward Stuart, son of the deposed James II and VII, the man after whom the movement was named [Jacobus being derived from the Latin form of James].<\/p>\n \u201cWhat\u2019s more, many Scots had been antagonised by King William\u2019s imposition of Presbyterianism \u2013 a more austere form of Protestantism \u2013 as the Church of Scotland. Making James Francis Edward Stuart (the \u2018Old Pretender\u2019) king would herald changes to the practice of religion in Scotland.\u201d<\/p>\n The Jacobite rebellions were also, says Whatley, a reaction to the union of Scotland and England in 1707. \u201cThe later Stuarts were not especially well loved, but the union was even less so,\u201d he says. \u201cAnti-unionism \u2013 and Scottish independence \u2013 was a strong component of support for Jacobitism in Scotland in the early 18th century.\u201d<\/p>\n <\/p><\/div> <\/section> A French invasion of Britain in support of the Stuarts in early 1744 had been abandoned, mainly due to severe weather, leaving Charles, who had arrived in France to lead the invasion, kicking his heels in Paris.<\/p>\n Losing patience with the lack of commitment for another invasion attempt by his chief supporter and cousin, Louis XV, and with the greater part of the British Army fighting in Flanders against the French, Charles secretly gathered together arms and a modest war chest and set sail from Brittany, landing a small party at Eriskay in the Outer Hebrides on 23 July 1745.<\/p>\n His audacious \u2013 or reckless \u2013 plan was to gain a foothold in the western Highlands, rally support en route south, meet up with a French invasion force at London and remove the Hanoverian \u2018usurper\u2019 George II<\/a> (reigned 1727\u201360). And with luck and the element of surprise on his side, for a time it proved almost as straightforward as that.<\/p>\n After raising the Stuart standard at Glenfinnan on 19 August \u2013 the official beginning of the rebellion \u2013 the small Jacobite army marched south-east towards the Scottish capital. Edinburgh surrendered on 17 September and four days later Charles achieved an unexpected and resounding victory against Sir John Cope and his British army troops at Prestonpans. The key to their success was the Highland charge: a fast and furious manoeuvre that regular troops had little or no experience of.<\/p>\n At the beginning of November the Jacobite army entered England, taking Carlisle after a short, bloodless siege. Having marched through Lancashire gathering further support, by 4 December the Jacobite army, now numbering around 6,000 men and boys, entered Derby, some 120 miles from London. But rather than push on to his ultimate prize, at a council of war the prince was completely outnumbered by his predominantly Scottish commanders and, to his utter dismay, the Jacobite army returned to Scotland.<\/p>\n Member exclusive |<\/strong> In this five-part series, historian Tracy Borman charts the changing fortunes of the monarchy, from the bloody Norman conquest of 1066 through the upheaval of civil war in the 17th century to the reign of Elizabeth II.<\/p>\n <\/p><\/div> However, the rebellion was far from over. Between January and March 1746, with his army almost doubled in size, Charles and his men secured another victory against the British Army at Falkirk, this time led by General Henry Hawley, and then seized Inverness \u2013 the capital of the Highlands. But Charles was in desperate need of money to feed and maintain his troops.<\/p>\n On 24 March the Royal Navy captured a French ship carrying the money destined for the Jacobite army. Its loss was a disaster. With dwindling funds and a British army hard on his heels \u2013 a well-fed and now tactically prepared force commanded by George II\u2019s son, William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland \u2013 Charles resolved to fight sooner rather than later, once again against the advice of his Scottish commanders.<\/p>\n The defeat of the Jacobite army at Culloden<\/a> on 16 April 1746, the last battle fought on the British mainland, led to the rolling out of a new British government policy: the attempted extinction of core Stuart support in the Highlands via the systematic dismantling of the ancient social and military culture of the Highland clans, regardless of whether they had joined the rebellion.<\/p>\n The wearing of Highland garb, particularly tartan<\/a> plaid, was banned, and the semi-feudal bond of military service, coupled with the power of the chiefs over their clans, removed.<\/p>\n Understandably the British government wanted to stamp out any potential of another rebellion occurring, but the uncompromisingly ruthless and often violent manner in which this was achieved, including the destruction of property and livelihood, executions and transportation, swiftly turned the joy at the rebellion\u2019s termination into sympathy for the rebels and, soon after, disaffection towards the government.<\/p>\n The Duke of Cumberland\u2019s enthusiastic leadership in this process won him the soubriquet \u2018the butcher\u2019. However, the pacification of the Highlands and the channelling of Highland military prowess into the British Army largely removed any potential for a future rising in the area.<\/p>\n Charles had left the field at Culloden, believing his swift return to France would hurry the long-promised French battalions he needed to resurrect the campaign. Others, however, believed he had abandoned his troops to their terrible fate and even abandoned the Stuart cause in order to save his own skin.<\/p>\n In the event, Charles spent five months as a fugitive in the western Highlands and islands with Cumberland\u2019s men in relentless pursuit.<\/p>\n He eventually escaped to France, with the selfless assistance of the heroic Flora MacDonald<\/a>, and died in Rome in 1788 by all accounts a drink-befuddled and bitter man. But his legendary alter ego, the \u2018Highland laddie\u2019, lived on.<\/p>\n Here are 10 facts you might not know about Bonnie Prince Charlie and the Jacobites\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n \u2018Jacobite\u2019 is not to be confused with \u2018Jacobean\u2019, which refers to James Stuart\u2019s rule in England as James I. (Jacobean is also often used to describe a style of art, architecture and theatre.) Nor is Jacobite to be mistaken for \u2018Jacobin\u2019, the radical political group formed during the French Revolution<\/a>.<\/p>\n As it was treason even to make contact with the exiled Stuarts, let alone visit them, Jacobites established an intricate set of symbols, coded phrases and rituals. For example, the white rose was a symbol of James Francis Edward (his birthday, 10 June, was \u2018white rose day\u2019) and after the birth of his sons, Charles (1720) and Henry (1725), the single rose is often represented with two buds. Such symbols were used on items including fans, glassware and snuff boxes, and can also be seen in Jacobite portraiture.<\/p>\n The toast to \u201cThe little gentleman in the black velvet waistcoat\u201d was a reference to William III\u2019s death from injuries sustained during a riding accident. It is said his horse stumbled on a molehill. Perhaps the most famous toast, though, is to \u201cThe king over the water\u201d, by raising your glass and then passing it over a bowl of water.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n The \u2018senior\u2019 Stuart branch \u2013 the male heirs of James VII and II \u2013 were Roman Catholic, but many Jacobites were Protestant, whether \u2018high church\u2019 Anglican, Episcopalian, nonjuring or dissenting.<\/p>\n Whatever their religion, Jacobites considered the exiled Stuarts the true British and Irish monarchs \u2013 most believed by divine right \u2013 and therefore they could not be removed, as they would see it, at the \u2018whim\u2019 of parliaments. Among the Scottish Jacobite army commanders of the 1745 rebellion, James Drummond, Duke of Perth, and his brother Lord John Drummond, were both Scottish Catholics raised in France. But other commanders, such as Lieutenant-General Lord George Murray and the Life Guards commander David Wemyss, Lord Elcho, were Protestant.<\/p>\n It is true that religious minorities like British Catholics could expect greater tolerance under a Catholic monarch, but few displayed any interest in joining Charles\u2019s campaign. The most eminent English Catholics, the Duke and Duchess of Norfolk, attended court at St James\u2019s Palace at the height of the threatened advance to London in November 1745, in order to publicly demonstrate their support for King George.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n It is true that many members of the Stuart court in exile were Scottish \u2013 certainly by 1745 \u2013 but there were Irish and English exiles too. It is also true that Scottish Jacobites, whether in exile or not, felt an inherent loyalty to the ancient Stuart \u2013 prior to Mary, Queen of Scots<\/a> \u2018Stewart\u2019 \u2013 kings of Scotland. The dynasty was founded in Scotland in 1371, inheriting the English crown via James I in 1603.<\/p>\n In addition, many Scottish Jacobites saw the return of the Stuarts as the welcome catalyst for the dismantling of the Acts of Union between Scotland and England (creating the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707). Yet the one thing that united all Jacobites was not their nationality or the breaking up of the Union, but, as previously stated, their desire to see the return of the Stuarts to the British and Irish thrones.<\/p>\n Jacobites came from all parts of the British Isles and Ireland, and in exile formed a very international network. During the 1745 uprising, Charles\u2019s small inner circle of chief confidants included two Irishmen, his former tutor in Rome, Sir Thomas Sheridan, and the Jacobite army\u2019s adjutant general (senior administrative officer) and quarter-master general (senior supplies officer), Colonel John William O\u2019Sullivan. Their influence over the prince rankled with some of the Scottish commanders, such as Lords George and Elcho, as the Scotsmen believed they, the Irish, had little to lose but their lives.<\/p>\n The expectation of a rising of the English and Welsh Jacobites was one of the key reasons why Charles ventured so far into England, believing he could reach London on a wave of residual pro-Stuart feeling and with the armed support of thousands of local recruits. Indeed, supported by a French invasion, the only hope of success in regaining all the Stuarts\u2019 former territories lay in a significant local English rising.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Charles was born and raised in Rome to a Polish mother and a father of mixed European heritage, including Italian and French as well as British, which has led to the assumption that the prince spoke English with some form of foreign accent.<\/p>\n In Peter Watkins\u2019 BBC docudrama Culloden<\/em> (1964), for example, the prince, played by Olivier Espitalier-Noel, speaks with a sort of French\/trans-European accent. Lord Elcho\u2019s oft-quoted jibe as the prince left the field at Culloden \u2013 \u201cThere you go for a damned cowardly Italian\u201d\u2013 has fuelled this particular interpretation, although this jibe was likely a later embellishment.<\/p>\n Although Charles\u2019s father, James Francis Edward, left Britain when he was six-months-old and spent his youth in exile in France (in St Germain-en-Laye, near Paris) he was surrounded by British and Irish courtiers. Indeed, his main role model, his father James VII and II, born at St James\u2019s Palace, London and a mature 55-year-old in 1688, would have obviously spoken English with an English accent.<\/p>\n Eyewitnesses during the 1745 uprising described Charles as speaking \u201cthe English or broad Scots very well\u201d. One observer, the Edinburgh schoolmaster Andrew Henderson, stated that Charles\u2019s \u201cspeech was sly, but very intelligible; his Dialect was more upon the English<\/em> than the Scottish <\/em>Accent, seem\u2019d to me pretty like that of the Irish<\/em>, some of whom I had known\u201d. \u201cSly\u201d here means soft or low.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n The misconception that the Jacobite army was composed solely of Highlanders is supported, in part, by the imposing memorial cairn on the battlefield itself, which states: \u201cThe graves of the gallant Highlanders who fought for Scotland & Prince Charlie are marked by the names of their clans.\u201d<\/p>\n Lowlanders and English alike spoke of the \u2018Highlanders\u2019 and the \u2018Highland army\u2019, and certainly focused their attention on the sizable Highland element within the Jacobite army as Charles and his men marched through their towns and countryside. Furthermore, in the early stages of the campaign the Jacobite army could have been described as \u2018Highland\u2019, as the thousand or so men gathered around the Stuart standard at Glenfinnan came predominantly from the Cameron and MacDonald clans.<\/p>\n But by the time the army had occupied Edinburgh for almost six weeks, the composition had changed. It now included many Lowland gentlemen, such as Lord Elcho, and Lowland tradesmen. A month later, by the time the Jacobite troops had crossed into England and reached Derby, it was compositionally a very different army to that at Glenfinnan. It now included, along with Lowlanders, an English regiment of about 300 men, known as the Manchester regiment. Fast-forward less than six months, at the battle of Culloden (16 April 1746) about two-thirds of Charles\u2019s troops could be termed Highland Gaels, but there were also Lowlanders, Irishmen, Frenchmen and some Englishmen.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n One of the most famous stories concerning the prince\u2019s five months as a fugitive is his escape by sea, dressed as a maid \u2018Betty Burke\u2019, accompanied by Flora MacDonald. Many of us will know the wistful \u2018Skye Boat Song\u2019 and its promise of \u201cthe lad that\u2019s born to be king\u201d as he is rowed away to Skye from whence, like King Arthur<\/a> before him, he \u201cwill come again\u201d.<\/p>\n Its form is a traditional Gaelic rowing song or iorram and the tune is believed to derive from the Gaelic song Cuachan nan Craobh<\/em> or \u2018The Cuckoo in the Grove\u2019. But the lyrics, establishing the association with Bonnie Prince Charlie and the 1745 rebellion, were actually written by an Englishman named Sir Harold Edwin Boulton (1859\u20131935) of Copped Hall, Totteridge, Hertfordshire, and first published in 1884. Sir Harold, a keen collector and publisher of traditional British songs, also wrote the English words to a well-known traditional Welsh lullaby, \u2018All Through the Night\u2019.<\/p>\n In 1892, Robert Louis Stevenson, author of the post-Culloden adventure, Kidnapped<\/em> (1886), wrote his own version of the \u2018Skye Boat Song\u2019 with the first line \u201cSing me a song of a lad that is gone\u201d. In recent years Stevenson\u2019s version (with modifications) has been made famous by the TV series Outlander<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n Yes, Culloden was a devastating defeat \u2013 the Jacobite army\u2019s first of the entire nine-month campaign \u2013 but several thousand men, some of whom had not been present at the battle, gathered at Ruthven 30 miles to the south, and many were willing to continue the fight. But a lack of supplies and, in the short-term, a failure of leadership from both Lord George Murray and Charles, put paid to any thought of a final stand, or a \u2018guerrilla\u2019-type campaign.<\/p>\n Certainly, the Duke of Cumberland believed that another battle could occur in the months following Culloden. The various acts introduced after the battle, in particular the Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act of 1746, in concert with the pacification of the Highlands, made another rising in this region extremely unlikely [the act abolished the traditional judicial rights afforded to a Scottish clan chief]. But the British government and army commanders alike believed that with Charles in France agitating for troops and money to renew his campaign, and while France was still at war with Britain (in Flanders), the Jacobite threat was very much alive.<\/p>\n It was the peace between Great Britain and France in 1748 that ended the 1745 rebellion, by the terms of which Charles was forcibly removed from French territory. But it is not widely known that the prince, still in his twenties, made a secret visit to London in 1750 to stimulate another rising in England, which later became known as the Elibank plot, during which, it is believed, he converted to the Church of England.<\/p>\n In reality, what completely put to bed any hope of a Stuart restoration was the removal of support by France. France had continued to toy with the idea of an invasion of Britain \u2013 as ever, a means of destabilising the British state, her trade and her colonial interests \u2013 during the Seven Years\u2019 War<\/a> (1756\u201363), until major defeats in 1759, including the battle of Quiberon Bay, meant abandoning any such attempt. Charles\u2019s behaviour in the face of yet another crushing disappointment, in particular his drunkenness, disgusted the French and eventually he and his cause were abandoned for good.<\/p>\n This was followed, in turn, by the papacy. On the death of his father in 1766, Pope Clement XIII did not recognise Charles as the Jacobite king Charles III, de jure<\/em> king of England, Scotland and Ireland. Indeed, the peaceful accession of a third king George, in 1760, suggested that as an active, political cause, Jacobitism, along with its fundamental aim of a Stuart restoration, was effectively dead.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n On Charles\u2019s death in 1788, his brother, Henry Benedict, became the Jacobite Henry IX of England and I of Scotland. But, as a Roman Catholic cardinal, it was with him that the direct, legitimate line ended on his death in 1807. By this time the beleaguered cardinal, who had witnessed the French Revolution (and lost the financial support of his Bourbon cousin in the process) had begun receiving an annual pension of \u00a34,000 from George III \u2013 yes, from the very Hanoverian monarch or, in Jacobite terminology \u2018usurper\u2019, that his father and brother had fought so hard, and at such great cost, to remove from the British throne. Henry, unlike his father and brother, did not press his claim.<\/p>\nWhat did the Jacobites want to achieve?<\/h2>\n
Did Bonnie Prince Charlie lead the Jacobites?<\/h2>\n
![\"King](\"https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2020\/12\/GettyImages-515509138-97b3f2a-e1708428105682.jpg?quality=90&resize=619%2C413\" "\\"King")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>What happened during the Jacobite Rebellion called the \u201945?<\/h2>\n
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The monarchy with Tracy Borman<\/h4>\n
Watch all episodes now<\/a><\/h4>\n
![\"MC_TracyBorman](\"https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2022\/10\/MCTracyBorman-new-NL-sq-2169b9f.jpg?quality=45&resize=556,556\" "\\"MC_TracyBorman")
<\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <\/section> The British government’s uncompromising ruthlessness swiftly turned the joy at the rebellion\u2019s termination into sympathy for the rebels <\/blockquote> <\/div> <\/div> <\/div>\n<\/div>
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![\"William](\"https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2020\/12\/GettyImages-76003128-9680c3a-e1708428147328.jpg?quality=90&resize=619%2C412\" "\\"Duke")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>What happened in the aftermath of the Jacobite rebellion?<\/h2>\n
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Did Bonnie Prince Charlie escape after Culloden?<\/h2>\n
The term Jacobite comes from the Latin for James (ie James VII and II) \u2018Jacobus\u2019<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
![\"A](\"https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2020\/12\/GettyImages-529023071-7d4baf8-e1708428324902.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C413\" "\\"James")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>Jacobites weren\u2019t all Roman Catholics<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
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Jacobites weren\u2019t all Scottish<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
![\"The](\"https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2020\/12\/GettyImages-2663423-89b18ae-e1708428396145.jpg?quality=90&resize=619%2C413\" "\\"Articles")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>Charles Edward Stuart spoke English with a British accent<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
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The Jacobite troops at Culloden were not all Highlanders<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
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The \u2018Skye Boat Song\u2019 isn\u2019t entirely Gaelic<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
![\"Scottish](\"https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2020\/12\/GettyImages-1982756141-e28450c-e1708428483551.jpg?quality=90&resize=619%2C413\" "\\"Scottish")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>The battle of Culloden did not end the Jacobite cause<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
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Charles Edward Stuart was not the last of the Stuart claimants<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n
![\"King](\"https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2020\/12\/GettyImages-3309606-96002bd-e1708428527990.jpg?quality=90&resize=619%2C412\" "\\"Ludwig")
\n<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture>\n<\/div>