{"id":6724,"date":"2021-11-29T14:00:29","date_gmt":"2021-11-29T13:00:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/?p=131693"},"modified":"2021-11-29T14:36:12","modified_gmt":"2021-11-29T13:36:12","slug":"it-was-painful-to-realise-how-my-education-had-colonised-me-sathnam-sanghera-on-the-legacy-of-imperialism-in-britain","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbchistory\/rss_feed\/it-was-painful-to-realise-how-my-education-had-colonised-me-sathnam-sanghera-on-the-legacy-of-imperialism-in-britain\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cIt was painful to realise how my education had colonised me\u201d: Sathnam Sanghera on the legacy of imperialism in Britain"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>

By Kev Lochun\n \t\t<\/p>

Published: Monday, 29 November 2021 at 12:00 am<\/p>

\n\n

Your new book explores how modern Britain is still shaped by its imperial history. Where can we still see the influence of empire today?<\/h3>\n
It\u2019s absolutely everywhere. There are millions of expressions of it. You can feel it in our language \u2013 the phrase \u201cjuggernaut\u201d comes from Sanksrit; \u201cbungalow\u201d, \u201cshawl\u201d and \u201csandals\u201d are all words of Indian origin; while \u201czombie\u201d comes from west Africa and \u201ctoboggan\u201d is Native American.<\/p>\n
A lot of our businesses emerged from the colonial era. Liberty of London began by selling silks and cashmere shawls from the east. The company that became Shell Oil started off importing oriental seashells. Wembley Stadium was originally known as the Empire Stadium, and the roads around it, some of which still exist, were named by arch-imperialist Rudyard Kipling. Robert Baden-Powell wanted to call the Scouts the Imperial Scouts, and the first ever book for Girl Guides was called How Girls Can Help to Build Up the Empire<\/em>. Then there\u2019s cricket, of course. I could go on forever.<\/p>\n
These are all quite small examples, but of course there are much bigger things too. Britain\u2019s multiculturalism, our politics, the way we see ourselves, our psychology, our economy, the origin of lots of our wealth. My book is an attempt to measure that influence.<\/p>\n
On the podcast: Sathnam Sanghera discusses where we can see the legacy of imperialism in Britain today \u2013 from politics and education to museums and multiculturalism<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<hr\/><h3>You argue that Britons \u2013 yourself included \u2013 aren\u2019t taught enough about this major aspect of our history. What view of empire were you given growing up?<\/h3>\n<p>I was never really told about it, and I don\u2019t think I\u2019m unusual. When Tony Blair handed back Hong Kong to the Chinese, he later remarked that he hadn\u2019t known much about the history of the situation, which seems incredible. But I think that\u2019s quite typical. Even when I studied things at school which potentially had an imperial angle, we didn\u2019t explore it.<\/p>\n<p>We had <a href=\""https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/first-world-war\/in-focus-remembrance-day-traditions\/"\">Remembrance Day<\/a> services every year, but it never occurred to anyone to tell our diverse student base that millions of brown soldiers from across the empire fought in both world wars. We studied Ireland\u2019s Great Famine, but no one thought it might be illuminating to compare it to the famines in India. I find it extraordinary that I supposedly had a very good education and yet was taught nothing about a subject that was not only one of the biggest things to ever happen to Britain, but one of the biggest things that ever happened to the world. And this is still the case \u2013 there was a survey in <em>The Guardian<\/em> recently which found that just nine per cent of GCSE students at the moment are studying modules about empire.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>It was painful to face up to things I hadn\u2019t been taught and to realise that in some ways my education had in fact colonised me. One of the most shocking things for me to realise was the ways in which British generalisations about Sikhs have shaped the way we view ourselves. Not that you\u2019d be able to tell it from my physique, but Sikhs see themselves as a martial race. Yet a large part of that self-identity actually goes back to British imperialism. After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British decided that some races were loyal and some weren\u2019t. Because the Sikhs had fought with them, it was decided that we were a martial race. Imperialists even produced handbooks pointing out how we, and other chosen ethnic groups, had the perfect physiques to be fighters. We\u2019ve absorbed those racist generalisations to such a degree that it\u2019s still how we see ourselves now.<\/p>\n<section class=\""highlight\"><div class=\""highlight__content\" editor-content=\"\"> <h4><strong>Sathnam Sanghera is the author of Empireland: How Imperialism Has Shaped Modern Britain (Viking, 2021) <\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul><li><strong><a href=\"\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Empireland-Imperialism-Shaped-Modern-Britain\/dp\/0241445299?tag=bbchistory045-21&ascsubtag=historyextra-0"\" target=\""_blank"\" rel=\""sponsored" noopener noreferrer\">Buy now at Amazon<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"\/\/www.waterstones.com\/book\/empireland\/sathnam-sanghera\/9780241445297"\" target=\""_blank"\" rel=\""nofollow noopener noreferrer\" noopener=\"\" noreferrer=\"\">Buy now at Waterstones<\/a><br\/><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"\/\/uk.bookshop.org\/books\/empireland-how-imperialism-has-shaped-modern-britain\/9780241445297"\" target=\""_blank"\" rel=\""nofollow noopener noreferrer\" noopener=\"\" noreferrer=\"\">Buy now at Bookshop.org<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><p> <\/p><\/div> <div class=\""highlightimage-container"\"> <div class=\""highlightimage"\"> <div class=\""img-container\" img-container--highlight-image=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2021\/03\/Empireland-cover-3772de9.png?quality=45&resize=556,556"\" srcset=\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/7\/2021\/03\/Empireland-cover-3772de9.png?quality=45&resize=410,410\" https:=\"\" sizes=\""(min-width:\" calc=\"\" width=\""556"\" height=\""556"\" class=\""img-container__image\" img-fluid=\"\" wp-image-131690=\"\" alignnone=\"\" size-highlight_image=\"\" img-containerimage=\"\" alt=\""Empireland\" by=\"\" sathnam=\"\" sanghera=\"\" title=\""Empireland\"\/><\/div><\/div> <\/div> <\/section><h3>How would you characterise attitudes to empire in Britain today?<\/h3>\n<p>A combination of nostalgia and selective amnesia. You can see the nostalgia through things like tourism companies offering \u201cTea & Tiffin colonial tours\u201d of India and Africa. I think the ultimate illustration of it is the popular image of the Indian railways. You can barely put the TV on at 6pm and not see a middle-aged white presenter telling us that the railways were a great gift that the British gave the Indians. But the real story is very different. The British built those railways for their own military and commercial purposes. I actually pitched the idea of a documentary about this to a TV producer recently, but he replied that he didn\u2019t think it would work, because viewers don\u2019t want to see their prejudices challenged. And I think that\u2019s indicative of the way the British see empire. They see their history as something to be comforted by rather than something we need to face up to as a way of heading into the future.<\/p>\n<p>A 2014 YouGov survey found that 59 per cent of Britons thought that the empire was \u201csomething to be proud of\u201d. For some, to be proud of British imperialism is to be patriotic, and vice versa. Any suggestion in public life that empire was not all great is seen as unpatriotic. That attitude to history isn\u2019t something you see in Germany, for example, where they can talk about the <a href=\""https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/second-world-war\/holocaust-world-war-two-facts-deaths-survivors-jews-concentration-camps-died-final-solution\/"\">Holocaust<\/a> and still be deemed patriotic. But over here, it\u2019s seen as a betrayal to dwell on any of the negativity.<\/p>\n<p>At the same time, there\u2019s profound amnesia. Think of the way we talk about <a href=\""https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/second-world-war\/facts-winston-churchill-prime-minister-speeches-clementine-childhood\/"\">Winston Churchill<\/a>. He\u2019s quite rightly seen as a war hero, but we forget that he was also an imperialist. And imperial troops\u2019 contribution to the world wars is forgotten to such a degree that even though plenty of Sikhs fought in the <a href=\""https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/first-world-war\/facts-first-world-war-one-ww1-armistice-dates-triple-alliance-triple-entente\/"\">First World War<\/a>, someone like Laurence Fox can go viral for complaining about the inclusion of a Sikh in the recent film 1917.<\/p>\n<section class=\""highlight\"><div class=\""highlightcontent\" editor-content=\"\"> <div id=\""main-content"\">\n<div class=\""container"\">\n<div class=\""template-articlecontent\" layout-md-rail=\"\">\n<div class=\""layout-md-railprimary\" js-content=\"\">\n<header class=\""template-articleheader\" template-articleheader--headline-led=\"\"><h4 class=\""container\" template-articleheader-content=\"\" template-articleheader-content--headline-led=\"\"><a href=\""https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/victorian\/why-did-fall-sikh-empire-ranjit-singh-when-british-east-india-company-dates\/"\">A Sikh tragedy: the Indian kingdom that fell foul of the British empire<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\""container\" template-articleheader-content=\"\" template-articleheader-content--headline-led=\"\">Why did the Sikh empire fall? Priya Atwal reveals how miscalculation, misogyny and British ruthlessness sealed the fate of the Indian powerhouse<\/div>\n<\/header><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p> <\/p><\/div> <\/section><h3>Why do you think debates around empire have been so incendiary in recent years?<\/h3>\n<p>Empire encompasses a whole raft of other controversial subjects \u2013 nationalism, race, power, even misogyny. But essentially on one side you\u2019ve got this idea that <a href=\""https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/modern\/the-decline-and-fall-of-the-british-empire\/"\">British empire<\/a> was synonymous with nationalism and patriotism. On the other side is the idea that empire was evil. It\u2019s impossible to tally these opposing views. The way we approach empire as a balance sheet to weigh up is very problematic.<\/p>\n<p>The idea that you can look at 500 years of history and come to a conclusion of whether empire was simply \u201cgood\u201d or \u201cbad\u201d is historically illiterate. You can\u2019t just give the British empire a five-star rating like it\u2019s a kettle on Amazon. It\u2019s much more complicated. But very few people are saying that. Instead people tend to take extreme positions, and it\u2019s very hard to find anything resembling nuance.<\/p>\n<h3>A common argument is that we aren\u2019t responsible for the crimes of our fathers, and so we should \u201clet sleeping dogs lie\u201d. How would you respond to that?<\/h3>\n<p>We\u2019re at a point in our history where Britain is trying to work out where it is and where it wants to be. And I don\u2019t think you can work out what you want to be unless you understand your past. We\u2019re still living with so many legacies of empire, and I think our lack of understanding about their origins makes us dysfunctional as a society.<\/p>\n<h3>One of those legacies you discuss is Britain\u2019s attitude to race and multiculturalism. How have these been shaped by empire?<\/h3>\n<p>The fundamental reason we are a multicultural society today is because we had an empire. That\u2019s a very basic point, but one that I think we nonetheless struggle to comprehend as a society. The reason that I, as a person of colour, am in this country is because Britons went over to India a few centuries ago.<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019d also argue that we have a very particular brand of racism in Britain which can be best explained by the white supremacy of empire in the 19th century. The ways that imperialists of that time saw race were echoed in the specific ways that racism developed in postwar Britain. Take racial violence and the fear of racial mixing, both social and sexual, for example. Both of these were present throughout the empire in the 19th century, and strong parallels can be seen in the ways that racism was expressed in Britain in the sixties and seventies.<\/p>\n<p>And then you have the colour bar. This was seen throughout the empire in the 19th century \u2013 brown people and white people did not mix socially in India or Africa. But that colour bar was also a feature of my life growing up in Wolverhampton. As late as the 1980s, there were colour bars in nightclubs, pubs and working men\u2019s clubs. And even today, in parts of my home town, there are certain bars you wouldn\u2019t go into if you\u2019re not the right colour. Finally, you\u2019ve got the wild stereotypes that emerged out of the racial generalisations of the 19th century. Even now, surveys suggest that a large portion of British people believe that certain races were born to work harder than others. Those attitudes go straight back to empire.<\/p>\n<ul><li class=\""heading-1\" template-articletitle=\"\" template-articletitle--headline-led=\"\"><a href=\""https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/anglo-saxon\/professor-michael-wood-anglo-saxon-name-debate-is-term-racist\/"\"><strong>\u201cAs a racism row rumbles on, is it time to retire the term \u2018Anglo-Saxon\u2019?\u201d Michael Wood explores the controversy<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><h3>How has empire affected ideas about immigration?<\/h3>\n<p>I think we\u2019re in denial about the immigrant blood in our veins in this country, and how far back it goes. There\u2019s an idea that brown and black people only came to Britain on the <a href=\""https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/20th-century\/guide-arrival-hmt-empire-windrush-britain\/"\"><em>Windrush<\/em><\/a> and after. But actually their presence here goes way back. Queen <a href=\""https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/elizabethan\/7-things-you-probably-didnt-know-about-elizabeth-i\/"\">Elizabeth I<\/a> was complaining about there being too many black people in London in Tudor times.<\/p>\n<p>In the course of researching this book I discovered all these amazing characters who set up home here who I was never taught about at school. A guy called Sake Dean Mahomed, for example, who left India in the late 18th century, lived in London and opened Britain\u2019s first curry house. He became a sort of massage therapist to the king and popularised the word \u201cshampoo\u201d. There were hundreds of lascars (Indian seamen) who stayed, servants who helped British imperialists, former slaves, actors, nurses and sportsmen.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>We\u2019re also in denial about how and why people came. I grew up with the idea that ethnic minorities arrived here almost uninvited, with no link to Britain, but actually most of them were invited, and their imperial connections gave them citizen status. The 1948 Nationality Act made citizens of empire citizens of Britain. I don\u2019t think they\u2019re seen that way even now, which is what led to the <em>Windrush<\/em> scandal. The fact that British citizens could be deported encapsulates our lack of understanding about the imperial connections between our interracial communities.<\/p>\n<p>The way we talk about race and immigration in this country is still really odd. Take the phrase \u201csecond-generation immigrant\u201d. What does that mean? I\u2019m a so-called \u201csecond-generation immigrant\u201d but I was born here, so in what way am I an \u201cimmigrant\u201d? The fact that I am still talked about that way and continue to get messages telling me to \u201cgo back home\u201d just shows you how in denial we are about how and why interracial communities came and resided in Britain.<\/p>\n<h3>Where do you see imperialism\u2019s influence on British politics?<\/h3>\n<p>Obviously there are events in postwar politics that played out in imperial ways \u2013 the <a href=\""https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/20th-century\/falklands-war-history-facts-what-happened\/"\">Falklands War<\/a>, Gibraltar, the handing back of Hong Kong, arguably the war in Iraq. But I think it\u2019s wider than that. Take our politicians\u2019 obsession with being \u201cworld beating\u201d during the <a href=\""https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/modern\/coronavirus-what-we-might-learn-from-pandemics-in-the-past-world-history-podcast-transcript-interview-expert-covid\/"\">coronavirus pandemic<\/a>, for example \u2013 I think that goes back to an imperial psychology. Why do we get involved in so many international skirmishes when we\u2019re just a tiny country? It harks back to an era where we were massively influential in the world.<\/p>\n<p>I guess my most controversial argument is that Brexit was inspired by imperial nostalgia. I\u2019m so bored of the Brexit debate, but I don\u2019t think there\u2019s any getting over the imperial connections. In our imperial mindset you can either be the empire or you\u2019re a colony \u2013 as we see in the Brexiteer rhetoric about us being a \u201ccolony of the EU\u201d and the obsession with \u201cglobal Britain\u201d. We once ran this massive thing, and ever since we\u2019ve struggled with the idea that we lost it and might have to take rules from someone else. I think that\u2019s been very psychologically difficult for Britain.<\/p>\n<ul><li><strong>Read more: <a href=\""https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/modern\/britain-decides-the-first-european-referendum\/"\">When did the UK join the EU<\/a>?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><h3>One of your chapters examines colonial looting. Do you think museums should return stolen artefacts?<\/h3>\n<p>In the book, I focus on looting in two particular imperial expeditions \u2013 the invasion of Tibet and the 1868 British incursion into what is now Ethiopia. Both resulted in the looting of vast quantities of items, many of which are still on display in British museums. Looting was not just permitted; collecting artefacts was very much part of the imperial agenda. The <a href=\""https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/tudor\/the-east-india-company-how-a-trading-corporation-became-an-imperial-ruler\/"\">East India Company<\/a> even had a museum in their offices in London in order to collect at the same time as they invaded.<\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s a misconception that the controversy around stolen artefacts has just been cooked up by woke activists, but even at the time there was outrage about looting. Senior people in government complained about it, and the press were up in arms.<\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s an argument that if we started giving things back, the British Museum would be empty. But that is just not going to happen. According to recent research, the British Museum only has 1 per cent of its collection on display. The rest is in storage. I think giving things back would result in incredible scholarship, and it could mend relations at a time when Britain really needs good relationships with the international community. And it\u2019s not just about material value. For a lot of nations who want their items back, it\u2019s about identity. These artefacts are emotional \u2013 bodies, religious and spiritual items, objects taken from graves.<\/p>\n<ul><li class=\""heading-1\" template-articletitle=\"\" template-articletitle--headline-led=\"\"><strong>The big question: <a href=\""https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/period\/modern\/debate-should-museums-return-artefacts-treasures\/"\">should museums return their treasures<\/a>?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><h3>How do you think that we <em>should<\/em> address our imperial history?<\/h3>\n<p>The first thing we need to do is abandon this balance sheet idea of history. It\u2019s corrosive. Secondly, we need to educate. There are some people who just think this topic is so poisonous that there\u2019s no hope of us ever coming to a consensus on what to teach. But I think other countries provide an example. New Zealand has recently totally revised its history curriculum and seems to be having quite a healthy debate about its past. President Macron is getting French museums to repatriate certain items. And Germany provides a great example of how to confront difficult history \u2013 police trainees are made to study Nazi history, for example. Germany has a very proactive relationship with the past, and I think there\u2019s inspiration to be found in what they do.<\/p>\n<h3>If you could convey one thing to your readers about empire, what would it be?<\/h3>\n<p>I hope that people read this book and realise that the subject of empire doesn\u2019t need to be a culture war \u2013 we don\u2019t have to be at each other\u2019s throats. There is such a thing as nuance, and history is argument, you don\u2019t always have to win. I would hate for anyone to read my book and agree with every single thing I\u2019ve said. Equally, it\u2019d be weird if anyone disagreed with every single thing in it. Both left and right can learn things from people they disagree with, and the discussion around empire doesn\u2019t need to be the poisonous thing it is at the moment.<\/p>\n<p>At the moment the focus of debate is on statues. The conversations sparked by statues being pulled down have been amazing, but they\u2019re still only statues. I don\u2019t know about you, but I don\u2019t generally notice them all that much. There are much more profound legacies of empire, like our language, our psychology, our racism. Those are much bigger conversations that I don\u2019t think we\u2019ve even begun to have yet.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sathnam Sanghera is the author of <em>Empireland: How Imperialism Has Shaped Modern Britain<\/em> (Viking, 2021). Buy it now on <a href=\"\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Empireland-Imperialism-Shaped-Modern-Britain\/dp\/0241445299?tag=bbchistory045-21&ascsubtag=historyextra-0"\" target=\""_blank"\" rel=\""sponsored" noopener noreferrer\">Amazon<\/a>, <a href=\"\/\/www.waterstones.com\/book\/empireland\/sathnam-sanghera\/9780241445297"\" target=\""_blank"\" rel=\""nofollow noopener noreferrer\" noopener=\"\" noreferrer=\"\">Waterstones<\/a> or <a href=\"\/\/uk.bookshop.org\/books\/empireland-how-imperialism-has-shaped-modern-britain\/9780241445297"\" target=\""_blank"\" rel=\""nofollow noopener noreferrer\" noopener=\"\" noreferrer=\"\">Bookshop.org<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<hr\/><p class=\""all4-body-tight-text-label\" all4-typography-body-tight=\"\" primary=\"\"><strong>Watch: Sathnam Sanghera travels across the country exploring the effects of the British Empire on modern Britain in two-part series <a href=\""https:\/\/www.channel4.com\/programmes\/empire-state-of-mind"\"><em>Empire State of Mind<\/em><\/a>, available to stream on All4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\""https:\/\/www.historyextra.com\/bbc-history-magazine\/"\"><strong><em>This article was first published in the March 2021 edition of BBC History Magazine<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/p><\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Kev Lochun Published: Monday, 29 November 2021 at 12:00 am Your new book explores how modern Britain is still shaped by its imperial history. 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Where can we still see the influence of empire today? It\u2019s absolutely everywhere. There are millions of expressions of it. 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