{"id":37088,"date":"2023-12-20T12:25:30","date_gmt":"2023-12-20T11:25:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/84d9ab5c-88c6-4a85-83da-257228331536"},"modified":"2023-12-20T12:39:58","modified_gmt":"2023-12-20T11:39:58","slug":"niccolo-paganini-dazzling-italian-virtuoso-and-violin-technique-pioneer","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/rss_feed\/niccolo-paganini-dazzling-italian-virtuoso-and-violin-technique-pioneer\/","title":{"rendered":"Niccol\u00f2 Paganini: dazzling Italian virtuoso and violin technique pioneer"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"rssexcerpt\"><\/p><p class=\"rssauthor\">By BBC Music Magazine\n      <\/p><p class=\"rssbyline\">Published: Wednesday, 20 December 2023 at 11:25 AM<\/p><hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body><p><strong>Paganini turned the world of music inside out. Nothing could be taken for granted anymore as he unleashed torrential violinistic outbursts of electrifying virtuosity, designed to bring an audience to a fever pitch of excitement.<\/strong><\/p><p>\u2018I never knew that music contained such sounds!\u2019 reported the great German poet Heinrich Rellstab, following Paganini\u2019s 1829 Berlin debut. \u2018He spoke, he wept, he sang! Paganini is the incarnation of desire, scorn, madness and burning pain.\u2019 <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/hector-berlioz\/\">Berlioz<\/a><\/strong> likened the Italian\u2019s impact to that of a blazing comet, while Goethe fell back exhausted following a performance that \u2018hit me like a meteor, yet I was quite unable to unfathom its mysteries.\u2019<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe title=\"the devil's violinist Paganini\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/oY9Dg-OlA3E?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><h2 id=\"h-what-was-so-special-about-paganini\">What was so special about Paganini?<\/h2><p>Paganini\u2019s contortionist innovations were facilitated by hands of remarkable flexibility, as a result of his suffering from Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome. This enabled him to negotiate the violin at phenomenal speed without the inconvenience of having to constantly change position. It also meant he could achieve huge intervallic stretches with unprecedented ease. <\/p><p>He widely employed harmonics (a ghostly effect produced by barely touching the strings) and high-speed left-hand <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-is-pizzicato\/\"><i>pizzicato<\/i><\/a><\/strong>, whereby the upper fingers of the left hand pluck the string while the lower ones hold down the notes. <\/p><p>He also devised all manner of fiendish chords and double-stops (two notes played simultaneously), articulated by every conceivable bow stroke, ranging from a super-smooth <i>legato<\/i> to a series of rebounding ricochet notes taken in a single down- or (even harder) up-bow. Little wonder that Mendelssohn once breathlessly enthused: \u2018Paganini\u2019s faultless execution is beyond imagination. His style utterly unique\u2026\u2019 <\/p><h2 id=\"h-did-paganini-play-the-guitar\">Did Paganini play the guitar?<\/h2><p>And it didn\u2019t end there. Although Paganini never once gave a public performance on the guitar, he was widely held by those who saw him play in private to be a virtuoso without equal. He left over 100 solo works for the instrument of which he was secretly a master, many of which still have not seen publication, in addition to an enchanting series of pieces for guitar and violin. <\/p><p>The sparkling precision of Paganini\u2019s pyrotechnics inspired a revolutionary interpretative approach that would dominate music-making for over a century. From now on, passages of scintillating bravura were thrown off effortlessly with a magician\u2019s sleight of hand, while slow sections were agonised over, draining the last drop of emotion out of every note. <\/p><p>Successful virtuosos became effectively people of the theatre, enhancing their purely musical credentials with visual spectacle. Paganini cultivated a pale, gaunt appearance, bedecked with unkempt black hair and a long frock coat. This combined with his slightly distorted facial features (the result of a botched operation on his jaw) to create the impression of a cadaverous ghoul. As one Liverpool critic put it in 1832 after seeing Paganini in action: \u2018You draw a deep breath after he has departed and ask yourself if what you have just seen and heard be not a dream.\u2019<\/p><h2 id=\"h-which-composers-admired-paganini\">Which composers admired Paganini?<\/h2><p>Sensitive souls fainted at the mere sight of Paganini, convinced that he was in league with the devil. Others believed he possessed paranormal abilities and literally cast a hypnotic spell over his audiences. To add to the mystique, he kept the orchestral parts to his concertos under lock and key, only allowing them out for rehearsals and concerts lest anyone might divulge his secrets. Poems were written about him, new recipes were created in his honour, streets were named after him and countless were the women who fell under his magnetic spell.<\/p><p>Yet behind all the showbiz antics lay a deeply serious musician and composer. His music may superficially create the impression of Rossini in instrumental overdrive, but he possessed a considerable gift for indelible, long-breathed cantabile melody (as witness his concerto slow movements) and for probing the dark side of the human psyche. \u2018His melodies are broad and Italian,\u2019 observed Berlioz, \u2018but full of a passionate ardour found only in the best pages of his country\u2019s composers.\u2019 <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/robert-schumann\/\">Schumann<\/a><\/strong> also considered that his music contained \u2018many pure and precious qualities,\u2019 and that it represented \u2018the turning point in virtuosity\u2019.<\/p><p>Remarkably, the man who redefined instrumental virtuosity and provided an interpretative template for the Romantic era, came from an ordinary Genoese background.<\/p><h2 id=\"h-when-was-paganini-born\">When was Paganini born?<\/h2><p> Paganini was born on 27 October 1782. His shopkeeper father, Antonio, spotted his son\u2019s talent at an early age. He started him off on the mandolin, then moved him swiftly onto the violin. <\/p><p>Aged just six, the future course of Paganini\u2019s life was decided by a strict regime of 12 hours-a-day practice. Within no time he was outplaying his teachers and by his mid-teens could throw off even the most fiendishly difficult pieces at sight.<\/p><h2 id=\"h-when-did-he-become-famous\">When did he become famous?<\/h2><p>As a result he began composing daredevil virtuoso pieces designed to develop his prowess even further, climaxing in the 24 solo Caprices, a compendium of finger-breaking studies that took violin technique to its outer limits.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe title=\"Niccol\u00f2 Paganini - Caprice for Solo Violin, Op. 1 No. 24 (Sheet Music)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/uALsg4aWKB0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><p>By now Paganini was already something of a legend. Following a series of sell-out concerts, he made his way to Lucca in 1801 to take part in the local music festival and made such a dazzling impact that he stayed on as Court music director. During the eight years he stayed in Lucca he became a national celebrity, making and spending a fortune, mostly on gambling. As he slid further and further into debt he had to pawn his own violin on several occasions. <\/p><p>At one point he turned up at Livorno without an instrument to play, yet such was his fame that on hearing his plight a wealthy amateur stepped into the breach and lent him his Guarneri del Ges\u00fa violin. Astounded by Paganini\u2019s playing that night, he gave him the priceless violin, remarking that \u2018I did not want to profane the instrument after you had played it\u2019. <\/p><h3 id=\"h-what-piece-did-he-compose-for-his-milan-debut\">What piece did he compose for his Milan debut?<\/h3><p>Incredibly, Paganini came within the turn of a card of losing the Guarnerius in a game of chance and was so shaken by the experience that he was cured of the gambling habit for life. He went on to amass an astounding collection of 24 superb instruments, including no fewer than 11 Stradivari, three Guarneri and two Amati.<\/p><div class=\"is-layout-flow is-layout-flow wp-block-group highlight-box\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container\"><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/instruments\/paganinis-violin-il-cannone\/\">Paganini&#8217;s violin: a guide to the great Italian violinist&#8217;s treasured Il Cannone<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/articles\/which-performers-currently-own-stradivarius-violins-and-how-much-are-they-worth\/\">Which performers currently own Stradivarius violins and how much are they worth?<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><p>Few debuts have created such a stir as Paganini\u2019s first appearance in Milan in 1813. He already had a huge following and rumours were rife that his spellbinding powers were the result of a pact with the forces of evil. Fanning the flames of public outrage, Paganini composed a fiendishly difficult set of variations entitled provocatively <i>Le streghe<\/i> (&#8216;The Witches&#8217;). <\/p><p>This featured one of his favourite party tricks, which was to play using the customary four strings initially and then (with the aid of a pair of scissors) three, two and finally one string alone. His playing that evening left the audience incredulous, including a reporter from Leipzig: \u2018Paganini is without question the foremost and greatest violinist in the world,\u2019 he wrote excitedly. \u2018His playing is truly inexplicable. He performs certain passages, leaps and double stops that have never been heard from any violinist.\u2019<\/p><h2 id=\"h-what-other-pieces-did-paganini-compose\">What other pieces did Paganini compose?<\/h2><p>It would be another 15 years before the Italian wizard performed outside Italy, during which he expanded his musical conjuring repertoire with a series of spectacular compositions. These included two Violin Concertos, the first of which he cast in a warm E flat for the orchestra but in the relative comfort and brightness of D for himself. In order to enhance the sonic brilliance of his playing, he then ratcheted his violin up a semitone to match the orchestra\u2019s tuning! <\/p><p>Another showstopper was the Introduction and Variations on a theme from Rossini\u2019s <i>Mos\u00e8<\/i>, in which Paganini humorously moved the bass drum thumps from the strong beat of Rossini\u2019s original to the weak beat in every bar, much to the approval of Berlioz. Most bewildering of all was his solo Variations on \u2018God Save the King\u2019, in which at one point the violinist has to pluck out the famous melody with the left hand with intermittent help from \u2018thrown\u2019 bow strokes at the same time.<\/p><p>Paganini then took Europe by storm, beginning on 29 March 1828 in Vienna, where the 45 year-old\u2019s playing caused such paroxysms of delight that he received the great gold medal of St Salvator, and the Emperor presented him with the honorary title of Court Virtuoso. Prague proved altogether less congenial, but Germany fell so far under the spell of the Italian\u2019s wizardry that he based himself there for two years.<\/p><h2 id=\"h-what-is-paganini-s-most-famous-piece\">What is Paganini&#8217;s most famous piece?<\/h2><p>Yet it was in Paris in 1831 that he scored perhaps the greatest triumph of his career with his Fourth Violin Concerto. Reporting in the influential <i>Journal des D\u00e9bats<\/i>, the great critic Castil-Blaze enthused: \u2018The solo violin, in its highest register, replied to the trombones; it then took up an idea where the trumpets had just left it and rendered it in harmonics in such a way as it seemed as though the same instrument was playing.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe title=\"Paganini - Violin Concerto No. 4\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xWKBpPc3fzA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><p>The magic of Paganini\u2019s playing astonishes me more each day.\u2019 Several members of the audience fainted with excitement, while the virtuoso pianist and composer Franz Liszt was beside himself with admiration. \u2018What a man!,\u2019 he exclaimed, \u2018What a violin! What an artist! Heavens! What sufferings, what misery, what torture in those four strings!\u2019<\/p><h2 id=\"h-berlioz-and-paganini\">Berlioz and Paganini<\/h2><p>Paganini\u2019s success in France launched a remarkable period of some four years, during which he toured throughout Europe (including Great Britain) on waves of pop-star adulation. One impressionable onlooker claimed to have seen the devil standing at Paganini\u2019s elbow, while another started an unfounded rumour that he had murdered a jilted mistress. Berlioz composed his second symphony, <i>Harold in Italy<\/i> (1834), especially for him, but he pulled out as he felt the solo viola part wasn\u2019t showy enough. On reflection, however, he so admired the work that he gave Berlioz a gift of 20,000 francs as a token of his esteem.<\/p><p>Just as Paganini looked set to conquer the world, the ill health that had plagued him throughout his life began to affect his playing. The unique flexibility of his left hand began to fail him, which may help explain the fact that his most famous piece of this period, the whirlwind <i>Moto perpetuo<\/i>, is about stamina and co-ordination rather than athletic prowess.<\/p><h2 id=\"h-when-did-paganini-die\">When did Paganini die?<\/h2><p>The virtuoso developed a cancerous growth on his larynx, which began to affect his ability to speak, and an ill-timed investment in a casino nearly bankrupted him. He retired to Parma, where he ended his days planning a new violin method and conducting the Court Orchestra before finally succumbing to death on 27 May 1840.<\/p> <\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By BBC Music Magazine Published: Wednesday, 20 December 2023 at 11:25 AM Paganini turned the world of music inside out. Nothing could be taken for granted anymore as he unleashed torrential violinistic outbursts of electrifying virtuosity, designed to bring an audience to a fever pitch of excitement. \u2018I never knew that music contained such sounds!\u2019 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":37089,"template":"","categories":[1,17],"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"9"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2023\/12\/niccolo-paganini-dazzling-italian-virtuoso-and-violin-technique-pioneer.jpg",357,539,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2023\/12\/niccolo-paganini-dazzling-italian-virtuoso-and-violin-technique-pioneer-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2023\/12\/niccolo-paganini-dazzling-italian-virtuoso-and-violin-technique-pioneer-199x300.jpg",199,300,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2023\/12\/niccolo-paganini-dazzling-italian-virtuoso-and-violin-technique-pioneer.jpg",357,539,false],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2023\/12\/niccolo-paganini-dazzling-italian-virtuoso-and-violin-technique-pioneer.jpg",357,539,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2023\/12\/niccolo-paganini-dazzling-italian-virtuoso-and-violin-technique-pioneer.jpg",357,539,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2023\/12\/niccolo-paganini-dazzling-italian-virtuoso-and-violin-technique-pioneer.jpg",357,539,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"By BBC Music Magazine Published: Wednesday, 20 December 2023 at 11:25 AM Paganini turned the world of music inside out. Nothing could be taken for granted anymore as he unleashed torrential violinistic outbursts of electrifying virtuosity, designed to bring an audience to a fever pitch of excitement. \u2018I never knew that music contained such sounds!\u2019&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/37088"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/37089"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37088"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37088"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}