{"id":37098,"date":"2023-12-20T16:31:56","date_gmt":"2023-12-20T15:31:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/f1d3c705-c22a-4e64-85e2-572d550ad2be"},"modified":"2023-12-20T17:41:09","modified_gmt":"2023-12-20T16:41:09","slug":"bartok-folk-music-alchemist","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/rss_feed\/bartok-folk-music-alchemist\/","title":{"rendered":"Bart\u00f3k: folk music alchemist"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"rssexcerpt\"><\/p><p class=\"rssauthor\">By BBC Music Magazine\n      <\/p><p class=\"rssbyline\">Published: Wednesday, 20 December 2023 at 15:31 PM<\/p><hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body><p>In an article on the influence of peasant music on modern music, B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k once declared: \u2018The right type of peasant music is most varied and perfect in its forms. Its expressive power is astonishing, and at the same time it is devoid of all sentimentality and superfluous ornaments&#8230; A composer in search of new ways cannot be led by a better master.\u2019 <\/p><p>For Bart\u00f3k, the \u2018right type\u2019 of music was not the sophisticated urban style of the gypsies, which Brahms and Liszt had mistaken for genuine Hungarian folk music, but the less refined traditional melodies that had been passed down through the generations in rural communities.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe title=\"Bart\u00f3k: Hungarian and Romanian Dances\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MLV1Fze-x8Y?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><h2 id=\"h-when-was-bartok-born\">When was Bart\u00f3k born?<\/h2><p>Bart\u00f3k was born on 25 March 1881, in the town of Nagyszentmikl\u00f3s (which translates as \u2018Great St Michael\u2019), now part of Romania. In his early teens, he and his mother moved to Bratislava \u2013 or Pozsony, as it then was \u2013 where one of his older fellow-students at the Gymnasium (a senior school) was Erno\u02dd Dohn\u00e1nyi. <\/p><h3 id=\"h-where-did-bartok-study-music\">Where did Bart\u00f3k study music?<\/h3><p>At Dohn\u00e1nyi\u2019s advice, Bart\u00f3k enrolled at the Budapest Academy of Music. As a young composer, he fell under the spell of Richard Strauss, and then folksong after hearing a peasant girl singing a Transylvanian tune during a summer visit to Gerlice Puszta, south-eastern Hungary, in 1904. <\/p><p>\u2018I now have a new plan,\u2019 he told his sister. \u2018I shall collect the most beautiful Hungarian folk songs and raise them to the level of art songs by providing them with the best possible piano accompaniments.\u2019<\/p><h2 id=\"h-bartok-and-folk-song\">Bart\u00f3k and folk song<\/h2><p>The following year, Bart\u00f3k met his compatriot Zolt\u00e1n Kod\u00e1ly, who was completing a dissertation on Hungarian folk songs, and his life took a new direction. In 1906 he set out on what was to be the first of many field-trips collecting <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-is-folk-music\">folk music<\/a><\/strong>. His researches soon led him further afield. Between 1907 and 1912 he visited Transylvania, Romania and Bulgaria; and 1913 found him in the Biskra region of North Africa, to the east of the Atlas Mountains, in what is now part of Algeria. <\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/works\/best-folk-songs-15-most-famous-folk-songs\">Best folk songs from around the world<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/works\/english-folk-songs\">Best English folk songs<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/works\/best-american-folk-songs\">Best American folk songs<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>Finally, in 1936, he paid a visit to Turkey. In all, he collected some 10,000 melodies, cataloguing them with scientific meticulousness. His aim to create a brotherhood of peoples was expressed in his orchestral Dance Suite (1923) which makes use not just of Hungarian \u2018imaginary\u2019 folk melodies, but also of tunes that are Romanian and Arab in flavour.<\/p><h2 id=\"h-what-is-bartok-s-music-like\">What is Bart\u00f3k&#8217;s music like?<\/h2><p>Bart\u00f3k drew on Hungarian speech-rhythm in many of his works, from the central slow movement in his Fourth <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/articles\/what-string-quartet\">String Quartet<\/a><\/strong>, to the third movement of the wonderful <em>Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta<\/em> of 1936. But he was no less fascinated by the fast Bulgarian rhythm which divides the bar into a pattern of unequal units, such as 4+2+3 quavers. <\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe title=\"B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k - Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta, III\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/-9LWHEf0VFo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><p>That curiously limping rhythm runs throughout the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/articles\/what-scherzo\">scherzo<\/a><\/strong> of the Quartet No. 5, for example; or the first in the group of <em>Bulgarian Dances<\/em> that ends the long series of progressive piano pieces <em>Mikrokosmos<\/em>. He was also influenced by the unusual scales he found in the music he collected, inspiring him to fashion material out of different scale-patterns: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-is-a-chromatic-scale\">chromatic<\/a><\/strong>, whole-tone, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-is-a-pentatonic-scale\">pentatonic<\/a><\/strong> (equivalent to the pitches produced when you play just the black notes on the piano) and octatonic (an alternation of whole tones and semitones).<\/p><p>Bart\u00f3k\u2019s praise of peasant music as being \u2018devoid of all sentimentality\u2019 is significant when it comes to his own musical aesthetic. In 1938 he declared that \u2018all efforts ought to be directed at the present time to the search for what we will call \u201cinspired simplicity\u201d.\u2019 He urged composers to defend themselves against the excesses of <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/best-romantic-composers\">Romanticism<\/a><\/strong>. <\/p><p>No one could accuse Bart\u00f3k\u2019s music of lacking warmth, but it\u2019s significant that for a long period he avoided the conventional symphony orchestra. Between the Dance Suite and the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/recordings\/bartoks-concerto-for-orchestra-best-recordings\">Concerto for Orchestra<\/a><\/strong> composed 20 years later, his only original orchestral works were the first two piano concertos, which avoid Romantic string writing, and the Violin Concerto of 1937-8. Influentially, he explored percussive sonorities in works such as the Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion and his six string quartets \u2013 perhaps the 20th century\u2019s greatest series of works in this genre.<\/p><h2 id=\"h-bartok-and-night-music\">Bart\u00f3k and night music<\/h2><p>Hand in hand with Bart\u00f3k\u2019s interest in folk music went a fascination with the sounds of nature, and of night-time. The <em>Out of Doors<\/em> suite for piano contains a movement called \u2018Night Music\u2019; and a similar mysteriously flickering world is conjured up in different ways in the slow movement of all three of the piano concertos. Such nocturnal atmospheres are contained within meticulously organised structures.<\/p><p>The typical Bart\u00f3kian design is a symmetrical arch-like form in five movements or sections, in which the outer movements share the same material, and the second and fourth movements are also related to each other, leaving the central movement as the kernel of the work. That design is found in the Second Piano Concerto, as well as the Fourth and Fifth Quartets, and a similar shape, less rigorously applied, also informs the two great stage works: the opera <em>Bluebeard\u2019s Castle <\/em>and the ballet <em>The Miraculous Mandarin.<\/em><\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe title=\"Bart\u00f3k - The Miraculous Mandarin Suite - Gardner\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/SCkn0Qjm0Ho?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><p>Given his deeply ingrained humanism, it\u2019s not surprising that Bart\u00f3k was a fervent anti-fascist. He gave the premiere of his Second Piano Concerto in Frankfurt, in January 1933; but once Hitler came to power, Bart\u00f3k refused to set foot in Germany again and banned any performance of his music there. After Hungary capitulated to fascism in the wake of the 1938 Anschluss, Bart\u00f3k and his wife set sail for New York. <\/p><p>By 1942 he had fallen seriously ill and his last works, such as the unaccompanied Violin Sonata he wrote for <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/recordings\/memories-menuhin\">Yehudi Menuhin<\/a><\/strong>, were written in difficult circumstances. Yet the music Bart\u00f3k composed during his American exile \u2013 and in particular the Concerto for Orchestra and the Third Piano Concerto \u2013 shows a determination to address a wider audience, though without ever losing sight of his distinctive style.<\/p><h2 id=\"h-when-did-bartok-die\">When did Bart\u00f3k die?<\/h2><p>B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k died on 26 September 1945, in a hospital in New York City, from complications of leukemia. Just ten people attended his funeral.<\/p> <\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By BBC Music Magazine Published: Wednesday, 20 December 2023 at 15:31 PM In an article on the influence of peasant music on modern music, B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k once declared: \u2018The right type of peasant music is most varied and perfect in its forms. Its expressive power is astonishing, and at the same time it is devoid [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":37099,"template":"","categories":[1,17],"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"5"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2023\/12\/bartok-folk-music-alchemist.jpg",250,335,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2023\/12\/bartok-folk-music-alchemist-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2023\/12\/bartok-folk-music-alchemist-224x300.jpg",224,300,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2023\/12\/bartok-folk-music-alchemist.jpg",250,335,false],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2023\/12\/bartok-folk-music-alchemist.jpg",250,335,false],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2023\/12\/bartok-folk-music-alchemist.jpg",250,335,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2023\/12\/bartok-folk-music-alchemist.jpg",250,335,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"By BBC Music Magazine Published: Wednesday, 20 December 2023 at 15:31 PM In an article on the influence of peasant music on modern music, B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k once declared: \u2018The right type of peasant music is most varied and perfect in its forms. Its expressive power is astonishing, and at the same time it is devoid&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/37098"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/37099"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37098"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37098"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}