{"id":44593,"date":"2024-07-03T15:15:00","date_gmt":"2024-07-03T13:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cdf37ca5-f79b-4ef5-8766-879d46c87606"},"modified":"2024-07-03T15:37:42","modified_gmt":"2024-07-03T13:37:42","slug":"anderson-to-zappa-via-ellington-and-ives-an-a-to-z-of-american-music","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/rss_feed\/anderson-to-zappa-via-ellington-and-ives-an-a-to-z-of-american-music\/","title":{"rendered":"Anderson to Zappa, via Ellington and Ives: an A to Z of American music"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"rssexcerpt\"><\/p><p class=\"rssauthor\">By <\/p><p class=\"rssbyline\">Published: Wednesday, 03 July 2024 at 13:15 PM<\/p><hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body><p><strong>To consider classical music in North America is to come to terms with its vast size and diversity.<\/strong> <\/p><p>The US alone has some 120 professional opera companies, 1,600 orchestras, and thousands of choruses. The story of classical music on this continent is one intertwined with its civil rights struggles, its media and entertainment industries, its religion and entrepreneurial zeal. <\/p><p>It\u2019s a landscape of brash juxtapositions \u2013 where <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/artists\/van-cliburn-1934-2013\">Van Cliburn<\/a><\/strong> could win a Russian piano competition and receive a ticker-tape parade in Manhattan, and where soprano Ren\u00e9e Fleming could sing the national anthem at the Super Bowl.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Van Cliburn wins the First International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow in 1958\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QpScY1mFziI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><p>North American classical music has lingered deep in Europe\u2019s shadow, especially when it comes to the concert repertoire. Composer Ned Rorem once declared that US composers are either French or German in outlook. And through much of the 20th century, a conductor or soloist had to be foreign-born to achieve a cachet with wealthy patrons and board members of institutions. <\/p><p>In the 1920s, only about 20 members of the New York Philharmonic were native-born. \u2018America\u2019s musical high culture has at all times (alas) been less about music composed by Americans than about American concerts of music composed by Europeans,\u2019 wrote cultural historian Joseph Horowitz.<\/p><p>But there\u2019s been a growing recognition of the rugged individualists who have shaped the American identity. Symphonists including Roy Harris, Howard Hanson and William Schuman helped establish a burly aesthetic for a patriotic age. Charles Ives, John Cage and Morton Feldman challenged assumptions about what music is. Minimalists and the West Coast School looked to Asia and Africa while postmodern composers drew on every conceivable style.<\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/best-american-composers-ever\">The 25 greatest American composers of all time<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>Canada shares some of these concerns, with a musical life developed on British and French models. After World War II a Canadian aesthetic began to take shape in works by R Murray Schafer, Claude Vivier and Ann Southam, among others. Similarly, in Mexico, European and indigenous traditions mingled in the works of Carlos Ch\u00e1vez, Manuel Ponce and Silvestre Revueltas.<\/p><p>Spirituals, Native American folk song, ragtime, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/jazz\/jazz-music-what-it-is-and-how-it-evolved\">jazz<\/a><\/strong>, Tin Pan Alley, Broadway, Hollywood and the European \u00e9migr\u00e9s \u2013 these are just a few of the influences and traditions that have shaped North America\u2019s classical music. Here&#8217;s an A-to-Z dive into some of the people, places and moments that stand out in this varied history.<\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/works\/best-american-folk-songs\">Best American folk songs<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-to-z-of-american-music-a-to-e\"><strong>A to Z of American Music: A to E<\/strong><\/h2><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-is-for-anderson\"><strong>A is for Anderson<\/strong><\/h3><p>On Easter Sunday, 1939, African-American contralto Marian Anderson gave a concert at the Lincoln Memorial, after she was barred from Washington\u2019s Constitution Hall due to a \u2018white artists only\u2019 policy. The performance, attended by 75,000 racially integrated listeners, opened with <em>My Country \u2019Tis of Thee<\/em>. Anderson went on to become the first black star at the Metropolitan Opera, among other firsts. <\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">American contralto and civil rights icon Marian Anderson. Pic: Getty Images &#8211; Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-b-is-for-broadway\"><strong>B is for Broadway<\/strong><\/h3><p>The fortunes of Broadway theatre have ebbed and flowed over the decades, and for every commercial spectacle there has been an innovative game-changer. A partial list of the latter includes <em>Oklahoma!<\/em>, <em>Gypsy<\/em>, <em>West Side Story<\/em>, <em>Hair<\/em>, <em>A Chorus Line <\/em>and <em>Rent<\/em>. <\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/works\/best-stage-musicals-of-all-time\">15 of the best stage musicals of all time<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>The composer <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/articles\/stephen-sondheim-master-of-reinvention\">Stephen Sondheim<\/a><\/strong> (<em>Sweeney Todd<\/em>, <em>Sunday in the Park with George<\/em>) is perhaps the most significant voice to emerge after the era of great songwriting teams (Ira and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/george-gershwin\">George Gershwin<\/a><\/strong>, and Rodgers and Hammerstein). He in turn paved the way for imaginative composers like Adam Guettel, Michael John LaChiusa, Jason Robert Brown and Lin-Manuel Miranda. Miranda\u2019s <em>Hamilton<\/em>, about founding father Alexander Hamilton, has become a cultural landmark.<\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/artists\/lin-manuel-miranda-on-sondheim-gilbert-sullivan-and-wrestling-with-history-in-hamilton\">Lin-Manuel Miranda: &#8216;Anyone who says Sondheim isn&#8217;t an influence is lying&#8217;<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-c-is-for-carnegie-hall\"><strong>C is for Carnegie Hall<\/strong><\/h3><p>Two American concert halls are widely hailed as among the best in the world: New York\u2019s Carnegie Hall and Boston\u2019s Symphony Hall. While some give Boston the edge on acoustics, Carnegie has hosted more landmark performances. <\/p><p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/pyotr-ilyich-tchaikovsky\">Tchaikovsky<\/a><\/strong> himself presided over the hall\u2019s opening concert. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/leonard-bernstein-composer\">Leonard Bernstein<\/a><\/strong> and Benny Goodman launched their careers here. Vladimir Horowitz, one of the very <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/artists\/20-greatest-pianists-all-time\">greatest pianists of all time<\/a><\/strong>, made his US debut and farewell on its stage. In addition to its three stages \u2013 the Isaac Stern Auditorium, Weill Recital Hall and the subterranean Zankel Hall \u2013 the hall recently opened a major new education wing. Despite power struggles, strikes and renovations, Carnegie Hall remains America\u2019s most iconic concert venue.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-d-is-for-dvorak\"><strong>D is for Dvo\u0159\u00e1k<\/strong><\/h3><p>In the late 19th century, American composers started to recognise that most of their music didn\u2019t sound very American. It took a foreigner \u2013 Czech composer <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/antonin-dvorak\">Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k<\/a><\/strong> \u2013 to issue the challenge. Dvo\u0159\u00e1k moved to New York City in 1892 to lead the National Conservatory, where he explored African-American spirituals and soaked up popular culture, from Buffalo Bill\u2019s <em>Wild West Show <\/em>to Longfellow\u2019s poem, <em>Song of Hiawatha<\/em>. <\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/what-brought-dvorak-to-the-new-world\">What brought Dvo\u0159\u00e1k to the New World?<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>Though Dvo\u0159\u00e1k didn\u2019t succeed in creating a truly American aesthetic (a tall order), he had an anthropologist\u2019s curiosity. His Symphony No. 9 \u2018<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/articles\/the-best-recordings-of-dvoraks-symphony-no-9-from-the-new-world\">From the New World<\/a><\/strong>\u2019 contains echoes of spirituals while his String Quartet in F, \u2018American\u2019, is the product of a summer holiday in Spillville, Iowa.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"The New York Philharmonic String Quartet performs Dvo\u0159\u00e1k\u2019s American Quartet\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HrqgMrwG4i0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-e-is-for-ellington\"><strong>E is for Ellington<\/strong><\/h3><p>Many of the great big bands of the swing era (roughly 1935-45) fizzled out or became nostalgia acts after World War II. But Duke Ellington and his orchestra kept on creating vital and innovative work into the early 1970s. <\/p><p>All told, the composer, pianist and bandleader wrote more than 1,500 compositions, including such enduring tunes as <em>Satin Doll<\/em>, <em>Take the \u2018A\u2019 Train<\/em>, and <em>Mood Indigo<\/em>, plus monumental works like the <em>Black, Brown and Beige <\/em>suite (premiered at Carnegie Hall in 1943). Ellington was a composer \u2018with a feel for orchestral color as sure as anything to be heard in the music of <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/claude-debussy\">Debussy<\/a><\/strong> or <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/maurice-ravel\">Ravel<\/a><\/strong>,\u2019 wrote his biographer Terry Teachout.<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-to-z-of-american-music-f-to-j\"><strong>A to Z of American Music: F to J<\/strong><\/h2><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-f-is-film-music\"><strong>F is Film Music<\/strong><\/h3><p>To much of the world, American orchestral music means <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/williams-john\">John Williams<\/a><\/strong>\u2019s stirring melodies from <em>Star Wars<\/em>, Bernard Herrmann\u2019s chilling string cues in <em>Psycho <\/em>or James Horner\u2019s lush <em>Titanic <\/em>soundtrack. These composers arrived in the wake of Hollywood\u2019s Golden Age, when Jewish \u00e9migr\u00e9s fleeing Austria and Germany defined the sound of cinema. <\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/tv-and-film-music\/john-williams-best-scores\">Ten best John Williams scores<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/tv-and-film-music\/best-star-wars-music-theme-tunes\">All nine <em>Star Wars<\/em> scores, ranked from worst to best<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>The epic grandeur of scores by Mikl\u00f3s R\u00f3zsa, Franz Waxman, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/erich-wolfgang-korngold\">Erich Wolfgang Korngold<\/a><\/strong> and Max Steiner has since given way to much more eclectic styles. Among today\u2019s original voices are Michael Giacchino, Carter Burwell and J\u00f3hann J\u00f3hannsson.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-g-is-for-glenn-gould\"><strong>G is for Glenn Gould<\/strong><\/h3><p>If there\u2019s a Canadian version of Elvis, it might be <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/artists\/glenn-gould-genius-pianist\">Glenn Gould<\/a><\/strong>, the brilliant pianist, broadcaster and Toronto native who has inspired a cult-like devotion since his untimely death in 1982, aged 50. Gould\u2019s recordings of JS Bach\u2019s <em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/recordings\/js-bach-goldberg-variations-8\">Goldberg Variations<\/a><\/strong> <\/em>\u2013 his barnstorming 1955 account and the more patient 1981 version \u2013 have enthralled and divided music lovers. <\/p><p>His decision to quit touring, aged 31 and at the height of his fame, to concentrate on studio recording and other media projects has heightened his mythology. A symbol of Canadian pianism, Gould is remembered today through the Canadian Broadcasting Centre\u2019s Glenn Gould Studio and the Glenn Gould Prize, a $50,000 honour awarded every three years.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Glenn Gould and Leonard Bernstein: Bach's Keyboard Concerto No. 1 (I) in D minor (BWV 1052)\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/9ZX_XCYokQo?start=367&amp;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-h-is-for-handel-and-haydn-society\"><strong>H is for Handel and Haydn Society<\/strong><\/h3><p>Founded in Boston in 1815, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/news\/handel-and-haydn-society-announces-new-artistic-director\"><strong>Handel and Haydn Society<\/strong><\/a> is America\u2019s oldest continuously performing arts organisation, and a surviving example of <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-oratorio\">oratorio<\/a><\/strong> societies that were once dotted across the American landscape. The organisation gave US premieres of <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/joseph-haydn\">Haydn<\/a><\/strong>\u2019s <em>The Creation<\/em>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/giuseppe-verdi\">Verdi<\/a><\/strong>\u2019s Requiem and several Handel oratorios including <em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/articles\/hallelujah-story-handel-s-messiah\">Messiah<\/a><\/strong><\/em>. It has also taken on ceremonial roles, performing at memorial services for Presidents John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Franklin<br\/>D Roosevelt. Harry Christophers has been its music director since 2009.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-i-is-for-ives\"><strong>I is for Ives<\/strong><\/h3><p>Leonard Bernstein once described <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/charles-ives\">Charles Ives<\/a><\/strong> (1874-1954) as \u2018our musical Mark Twain, Emerson and Lincoln all rolled into one\u2019. Ives did much to shape American musical sensibilities in the 20th century, composing a body of work that wove together 19th-century forms (<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-symphony\">symphony<\/a><\/strong>, sonata, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-overture\">overture<\/a><\/strong>) with Civil War tunes, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/articles\/gospel-music-guide\">gospel<\/a><\/strong> hymns, ragtime marches and ballads. <\/p><p>Born in Danbury, Connecticut, Ives was a devout New Englander, a trait manifest in pieces like <em>Three Places in New England <\/em>and the <em>Concord <\/em>Sonata, whose four movements depict transcendentalist writers. Ives presaged the modern workaholic, holding a day job as an insurance executive and writing music on the commuter train. He won the 1948 Pulitzer Prize for his Third Symphony.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-j-is-for-juilliard-string-quartet\"><strong>J is for Juilliard String Quartet<\/strong><\/h3><p>The <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/articles\/the-juilliard-school-history-and-famous-alumni\">Juilliard School\u2019s<\/a><\/strong> quartet-in-residence has made an indelible mark on chamber music, helping to define the vigorous American <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-string-quartet\">string quartet<\/a><\/strong> sound, distinct from European counterparts. It has coached student ensembles that went on to their own success (including the Tokyo, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/news\/emerson-string-quartet-to-retire-in-2023\">Emerson<\/a><\/strong>, American, St Lawrence, Colorado and Mendelssohn Quartets). <\/p><p>And the group has helped shape the modern quartet repertoire, performing landmark cycles of <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/bela-bartok\">Bart\u00f3k<\/a><\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/arnold-schoenberg\"><strong>Schoenberg<\/strong><\/a> and Carter. The Juilliard Quartet was founded in 1946 (the same year as Chicago\u2019s Fine Arts Quartet) experiencing periodic personnel changes along the way. In 2016, cellist Astrid Schween became the first woman and African-American member in its history.<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-to-z-of-american-music-k-to-o\"><strong>A to Z of American Music: K to O<\/strong><\/h2><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-k-is-for-kennedy\"><strong>K is for Kennedy<\/strong><\/h3><p>A former speechwriter once conceded that John F Kennedy wasn\u2019t much of a classical music devotee, relying on an aide to tell him when to clap at concerts. But the President and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy welcomed many musicians to the White House during his tenure, including <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/igor-stravinsky\">Igor Stravinsky<\/a><\/strong> and Pablo Casals (who they persuaded to come out of exile for a special recital). <\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/works\/stravinskys-ballets-a-guide-to-all-his-masterpieces\">All 12 Stravinsky ballets, ranked<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>After Kennedy was tragically assassinated in 1963, a number of composers penned tributes, including Stravinsky (<em>Elegy for JFK <\/em>), <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/herbert-howells\">Herbert Howells<\/a><\/strong> (<em>Take Him, Earth, for Cherishing<\/em>) and Peter Lieberson (<em>Remembering JFK <\/em>). The John F Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts opened in 1971 as the nation\u2019s public memorial to the President.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2511\" height=\"2560\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2024\/07\/GettyImages515303274_cmyk-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Jackie and John Kennedy Greet Pablo Casals\" class=\"wp-image-207377\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy greets cellist Pablo Casals as she and her husband, President John F. Kennedy stand in reception a line at the Governor&#8217;s residence, La Fortaleza, Puerto Rico. Pic: Getty Images &#8211; Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-l-is-for-library-of-congress\"><strong>L is for Library of Congress<\/strong><\/h3><p>With more than 21 million items, the Library of Congress holds what it calls the world\u2019s largest music collection. Among its some 600 archival collections are the papers (scores, manuscripts, letters, etc) of Leonard Bernstein, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/aaron-copland\">Aaron Copland<\/a><\/strong>, George and Ira Gershwin, Sergey <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/sergey-rachmaninov\">Rachmaninov<\/a><\/strong> and Arnold Schoenberg. The Library\u2019s Music Division gives out awards (the annual Gershwin Prize for Popular Song), holds exhibitions, and hosts a chamber music series in its Coolidge Auditorium. One of its popular initiatives is the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/programs\/national-recording-preservation-board\/recording-registry\/complete-national-recording-registry-listing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>National Recording Registry<\/strong><\/a>, an \u2018ultimate playlist\u2019 of great American recordings that is updated annually.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-m-is-for-minimalism\"><strong>M is for Minimalism<\/strong><\/h3><p>With roots in Lower Manhattan lofts and California campuses during the 1960s, Minimalism used techniques of phasing, looping and repetition to boldly challenge the modernist status quo. By the mid-1970s, it produced its first masterpieces, Philip Glass\u2019s <em>Einstein on the Beach <\/em>and Steve Reich\u2019s <em>Music for 18 Musicians<\/em>.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Steve Reich, &quot;Music for 18 Musicians&quot; - FULL PERFORMANCE with eighth blackbird\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZXJWO2FQ16c?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/john-adams\">John Adams<\/a><\/strong> later treated minimalism as a tool rather than a movement; European composers, including Louis Andriessen and Michael Nyman, added global elements. Though Minimalism has seen its share of identity issues \u2013 Glass and Reich don\u2019t believe the label applies to their current work \u2013 it has gone from fringe to mainstream, influencing TV commercials and film scores (some written by Glass himself).<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1720\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2024\/07\/GettyImages92925476_cmyk-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Composer Philip Glass on the Lower East Side, Manhattan, New York\" class=\"wp-image-207379\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Composer Philip Glass on the Lower East Side, Manhattan, New York. Pic: Ted Thai\/The LIFE Picture Collection\/Getty Images &#8211; Ted Thai\/The LIFE Picture Collection\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-n-is-for-native-american-music\"><strong>N is for Native American Music<\/strong><\/h3><p>The US has never had the equivalent of Bart\u00f3k, a composer steeped in ethnomusicological fieldwork. But from about 1880-1920, practitioners of the Indianist movement sought to incorporate Native American melodies and rhythms into their concert works. <\/p><p>Spurred on by Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, composers Arthur Farwell, Amy Beach and Edward MacDowell fashioned well-meaning, if fairly superficial homages (Farwell was perhaps closest to the mark with his <em>Navajo War Dance<\/em>). Today, young composers from the Chickasaw, Mohican, Navajo and other tribes are bringing their own voices to classical music.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-o-is-for-ormandy\"><strong>O is for Ormandy<\/strong><\/h3><p>Eugene Ormandy was music director of the Philadelphia Orchestra from 1938 to 1980, a strikingly long stretch by modern standards, and one that yielded the plush \u2018Philadelphia Sound\u2019. Building on the innovations of his predecessor, Leopold Stokowski, he emphasised opulent string textures, even in works by <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/johann-sebastian-bach\">Bach<\/a><\/strong> or Handel. <\/p><ul><li><strong>The Philadelphia Orchestra are one of the US&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/artists\/big-five-orchestras\">&#8216;Big Five&#8217; orchestras<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>Ormandy conducted US premieres of works by <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/dmitri-shostakovich\">Shostakovich<\/a><\/strong>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/samuel-barber\">Barber<\/a><\/strong> and Rachmaninov and he led the orchestra\u2019s landmark 1973 tour to China. While other conductors arguably had a larger impact in US culture, Ormandy made the Philadelphia Orchestra sound like no other ensemble.<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-to-z-of-american-music-p-to-t\"><strong>A to Z of American Music: P to T<\/strong><\/h2><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-p-is-for-pulitzer-prize-for-music\"><strong>P is for Pulitzer Prize for Music<\/strong><\/h3><p>No prize for art music draws as much attention and scrutiny as the Pulitzer. The $10,000 annual award \u2013 which is one of up to 21 Pulitzers given out in a range of disciplines \u2013 honours a piece that premiered during the previous year. Starting in 1943, when William Schuman received the first Pulitzer for his <em>Secular Cantata No. 2<\/em>, the award was strictly reserved for classical music. <\/p><p>But the eligibility criteria has broadened since the late 1990s, and winners have included three jazz works<br\/>as well as non-traditional classical pieces like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/who-is-caroline-shaw\"><strong>Caroline Shaw<\/strong><\/a>\u2019s <em>a cappella <\/em>work <em>Partita for 8 Voices <\/em>(2013). The most famous Pulitzer Prize winner to date might be Copland\u2019s <em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/recordings\/a-guide-to-coplands-appalachian-spring-and-its-best-recordings\">Appalachian Spring<\/a><\/strong><\/em>, the recipient in 1945.<\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/artists\/caroline-shaw-on-learning-the-violin-and-touring-with-kanye-west\">Caroline Shaw on learning the violin and touring with Kanye West<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-q-is-for-quebec\"><strong>Q is for Quebec<\/strong><\/h3><p>Pop superstars like Celine Dion, traditional Celtic fiddling and a French-inspired orchestral tradition are a few strands of Quebec\u2019s freewheeling musical culture. The Montreal Symphony and Montreal Opera are twin pillars of the province\u2019s largest city (both in residence at Montreal\u2019s Place des Arts). They coexist with numerous smaller ensembles (Orchestre M\u00e9tropolitain, Les Violons du Roy) and prominent artists including conductor Yannick N\u00e9zet-S\u00e9guin, pianists Louis Lortie and Marc-Andr\u00e9 Hamelin, and violinist Ang\u00e8le Dubeau.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Chopin - Ballade No. 1 in g minor (Louis Lortie)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/H0bVprYZxro?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-r-is-for-ragtime\"><strong>R is for Ragtime<\/strong><\/h3><p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-is-ragtime\">Ragtime<\/a><\/strong>, the wittily syncopated jazz style, originated in African-American communities of St Louis, Kansas City and Chicago, with <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/joplin-scott\">Scott Joplin<\/a><\/strong> as its greatest exponent. In the early 1900s, the form caught on with classical composers in Europe, inspiring <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/art\/Cubism\">Cubist<\/a><\/strong>-like pastiches by Stravinsky (<em>Piano-Rag Music<\/em>, <em>Ragtime for 11 Instruments<\/em>) a Teutonic parody by <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/paul-hindemith\">Hindemith<\/a><\/strong> (\u2018Ragtime\u2019 from his suite <em>1922<\/em>), and several French homages (by Debussy, Satie and Milhaud). Interest in ragtime rekindled in the 1970s (reintroducing not only Joplin\u2019s <em>The Entertainer <\/em>but his opera <em>Treemonisha<\/em>), and inspiring homages in film (<em>The Sting<\/em>) and on Broadway (<em>Ragtime<\/em>).<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-s-is-for-steinway-amp-sons\"><strong>S is for Steinway &amp; Sons<\/strong><\/h3><p>From its humble origins in a Manhattan loft in 1858, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/articles\/who-invented-the-steinway-piano\">Steinway<\/a><\/strong> became a music industry powerhouse. Today its instruments are used by 98 per cent of concert pianists, according to the company\u2019s website. Detractors say that aggressive marketing plays into this, though few would dispute the pianos\u2019 sensitive touch or rich tones (the instruments are still made by hand in factories in Queens and Hamburg). <\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/instruments\/famous-pianos\">Ten of the most famous pianos<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>In recent years Steinway has set its sights on emerging markets, notably China, as sales have slowed in the West. According to <em>The New York Times<\/em>, for two months in 2015, the company sold more grand pianos in China than in the US.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-t-is-for-tanglewood\"><strong>T<\/strong> <strong>is for Tanglewood<\/strong><\/h3><p>North America has plenty of scenic music festivals, and Tanglewood is no exception, nestled in the pastoral Berkshires region of Massachusetts. But this 210-acre summer home of the Boston Symphony Orchestra is more than a glorified picnic spot. <\/p><p>The Tanglewood Music Center, an elite summer academy, hosts some 150 students annually, and according to one estimate, its graduates make up 20 per cent of US orchestra musicians. The school\u2019s leadership has included Serge Koussevitzky, Leonard Bernstein and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/news\/conductor-seiji-ozawa-has-died-aged-88\">Seiji Ozawa<\/a><\/strong>. Among Tanglewood\u2019s other programmes are the Festival of Contemporary Music, the Boston Pops series and concerts of jazz and popular music.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"John Williams' Film Night\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/j7pCf38yLak?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-a-to-z-of-american-music-u-to-z\"><strong>A to Z of American Music: U to Z<\/strong><\/h2><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-u-is-for-the-us-marine-band\"><strong>U is for the US Marine Band<\/strong><\/h3><p>The US military is the largest employer of musicians in the country, with 130 bands across its five branches. The United States Marine Band, known as \u2018The President\u2019s Own\u2019, sits atop of the heap. Founded in 1798 by an Act of Congress, the band gives some 500 performances a year, principally for presidential ceremonies. Its most famous director was John Philip Sousa, who composed <em>Semper Fidelis <\/em>and <em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/works\/hail-to-the-chief-lyrics\">Hail to the Chief<\/a><\/strong> <\/em>during his tenure.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-v-is-for-van-cliburn\"><strong>V is for Van Cliburn<\/strong><\/h3><p>A lanky, 23-year-old pianist from Kilgore, Texas became a media sensation after winning the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/artists\/when-did-van-cliburn-win-the-tchaikovsky-competition\">Tchaikovsky Competition<\/a><\/strong> in Moscow in 1958. Against a backdrop of Cold War tensions, Van Cliburn\u2019s victory was commemorated with a ticker tape parade in New York City, the cover of <em>Time <\/em>magazine and a recording contract for RCA Victor. <\/p><p>It launched a whirlwind concert career although, by the late 1970s, Cliburn had gradually withdrawn from performing. While a return to the concert stage a decade later was only partially successful, his enormous legacy includes the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition, established in Fort Worth in 1962. Cliburn died in 2013 of bone cancer.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-w-is-for-the-west-coast-school\"><strong>W is for the West Coast School<\/strong><\/h3><p>Before \u2018world music\u2019 became a fashionable term, a group of composers dubbed the West Coast School were infusing American musical identity with pan-Asian influences. Standing apart from East Coast \u2018uptown\u2019 styles were Lou Harrison, who displayed an interest in the Indonesian gamelan; Henry Cowell, an experimentalist who plucked and thumbed the strings inside the piano; and Terry Riley,<br\/>a founder of Minimalism who drew on Indian classical music and a hippie sensibility. Californians John Adams and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/john-cage\">John Cage<\/a><\/strong> travelled to both coasts for inspiration and career opportunities.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-x-is-for-xylophone\"><strong>X is for Xylophone<\/strong><\/h3><p>This mallet instrument injected a shot of orchestral colour into the country fiddling \u2018Hoe-Down\u2019 movement of Copland\u2019s <em>Rodeo<\/em>. The exuberant piece was one of several ballet scores from Copland\u2019s beloved populist period. Another was <em>Appalachian Spring<\/em>, which also used the xylophone, albeit in a more lyrical vein. The xylophone may have travelled to the US via the Latin American slave trade.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-y-is-for-young-people-s-concerts-at-the-new-york-philharmonic\"><strong>Y is for Young People\u2019s Concerts at the New York Philharmonic<\/strong><\/h3><p>From 1958 until 1972, Leonard Bernstein\u2019s Young People\u2019s Concerts on CBS were a cultural touchstone for American television, spanning 53 episodes on topics such as \u2018Humor in Music\u2019 and \u2018The Latin-American Spirit\u2019. The charismatic Bernstein took to the role with gusto, hosting his first episode just two weeks into his New York Philharmonic tenure (the topic was \u2018What does music mean?\u2019). <\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Leonard Bernstein - Young People's Concerts: What Does Music Mean?\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/U6JsfDIo4TA?list=PLU0HyYmOgH8Xn06fDThwLDh95igfZpurQ\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><p>Avoiding condescension or stuffiness, he once illustrated the Mixolydian mode by singing \u2018You Really Got Me\u2019 by The Kinks. The series continued after Bernstein\u2019s tenure, and his appearances are preserved on DVDs and on YouTube.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-z-is-for-zappa\"><strong>Z is for Zappa<\/strong><\/h3><p>We reach the end of our A to Z of American music with a true master from leftfield. You might not know it with titles like \u2018Dog Breath Variations\u2019 and \u2018Hot Rats\u2019, but Frank Zappa (above) had a deep and ongoing interest in the classical avant-garde. Inspired by Var\u00e8se, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/anton-von-webern\">Webern<\/a><\/strong> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/erik-satie\">Satie<\/a><\/strong>, the iconoclastic rocker took up symphonic writing around 1970 with his score to the cult film <em>200 Motels<\/em>. It was performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic under Zubin Mehta. <\/p><p>In the 1980s, Zappa\u2019s orchestral music was championed by conductors such as Kent Nagano and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/pierre-boulez\">Pierre Boulez<\/a><\/strong>, who recorded it with the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/artists\/the-london-symphony-orchestra-five-famous-conductors\">London Symphony Orchestra<\/a><\/strong> and Ensemble InterContemporain, respectively. Zappa\u2019s final project was <em>The Yellow Shark<\/em>, a commission from the Ensemble Modern.<\/p><p><em>This article first appeared in the February 2016 issue of BBC Music Magazine<\/em><\/p> <\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Published: Wednesday, 03 July 2024 at 13:15 PM To consider classical music in North America is to come to terms with its vast size and diversity. The US alone has some 120 professional opera companies, 1,600 orchestras, and thousands of choruses. The story of classical music on this continent is one intertwined with its [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":44594,"template":"","categories":[1],"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"15"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2024\/07\/anderson-to-zappa-via-ellington-and-ives-an-a-to-z-of-american-music.png",1854,1248,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2024\/07\/anderson-to-zappa-via-ellington-and-ives-an-a-to-z-of-american-music-150x150.png",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2024\/07\/anderson-to-zappa-via-ellington-and-ives-an-a-to-z-of-american-music-300x202.png",300,202,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2024\/07\/anderson-to-zappa-via-ellington-and-ives-an-a-to-z-of-american-music-768x517.png",768,517,true],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2024\/07\/anderson-to-zappa-via-ellington-and-ives-an-a-to-z-of-american-music-1024x689.png",800,538,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2024\/07\/anderson-to-zappa-via-ellington-and-ives-an-a-to-z-of-american-music-1536x1034.png",1536,1034,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2024\/07\/anderson-to-zappa-via-ellington-and-ives-an-a-to-z-of-american-music.png",1854,1248,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"By Published: Wednesday, 03 July 2024 at 13:15 PM To consider classical music in North America is to come to terms with its vast size and diversity. The US alone has some 120 professional opera companies, 1,600 orchestras, and thousands of choruses. The story of classical music on this continent is one intertwined with its&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/44593"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/44594"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=44593"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=44593"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}