{"id":44801,"date":"2024-07-04T11:34:51","date_gmt":"2024-07-04T09:34:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/2cb2d20b-bd45-4da4-aa65-5e993fcbe4d6"},"modified":"2024-07-04T11:36:12","modified_gmt":"2024-07-04T09:36:12","slug":"how-do-you-listen-to-music-alone-or-with-others-heres-how-listening-has-evolved-down-the-centuries","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/rss_feed\/how-do-you-listen-to-music-alone-or-with-others-heres-how-listening-has-evolved-down-the-centuries\/","title":{"rendered":"How do you listen to music &#8211; alone or with others? Here&#8217;s how listening has evolved down the centuries"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"rssexcerpt\"><\/p><p class=\"rssauthor\">By <\/p><p class=\"rssbyline\">Published: Thursday, 04 July 2024 at 09:34 AM<\/p><hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body><p>Listeners are the unsung heroes and heroines of classical music. Composers have their reverent biographers, their biopics and statues in the public square; performers have ecstatic fans, the limos and the recordings contracts. But who cares about the poor old listener, the third member of the \u2018Holy Trinity\u2019 of music, as <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/benjamin-britten-composer\">Benjamin Britten<\/a><\/strong> described him or her?<\/p><p>It\u2019s not as if listeners don\u2019t earn their keep. Listening is a strenuous business. Witness this report of four ardent listeners to <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/works\/guide-beethovens-symphony-no-5\">Beethoven\u2019s Fifth Symphony<\/a><\/strong> at the Queen\u2019s Hall, sometime before the First World War: \u2018Here <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/ludwig-van-beethoven\">Beethoven<\/a><\/strong> started decorating his tune [the first variation of the theme], so she [Helen] heard him through once more, and then she smiled at her cousin Frieda. <\/p><p>&#8216;But Frieda, listening to Classical Music, could not respond. Herr Liesecke, too, looked as if wild horses could not make him inattentive; there were lines across his forehead, his lips were parted, his pince-nez at right angles to his nose, and he laid a thick, white hand on either knee. And next to her was Aunt Juley, so British, and wanting to tap.\u2019<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Beethoven - Symphony No. 5 (Proms 2012)\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/jv2WJMVPQi8?start=3&amp;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-listening-isn-t-just-humming-along-it-s-an-attempt-to-divine-a-vision\">&#8216;Listening isn&#8217;t just humming along: it&#8217;s an attempt to divine a vision&#8217;<\/h2><p>Admittedly, that scene from EM Forster\u2019s <em>Howard\u2019s End <\/em>is only fiction. But it contains a truth. Listening to classical music isn\u2019t just humming along to the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-is-a-melody\">melody<\/a><\/strong>; it\u2019s an attempt to divine a vision vouchsafed to the composer, conveyed in patterns of notes to the listener in ways that aren\u2019t obvious. The vision is sometimes hidden, and can be revealed only by attentive listening and patient study.<\/p><p>It\u2019s hard to believe listeners were always so strenuously high-minded, and in recent decades there\u2019s been a concerted effort to find out what really goes on in people\u2019s hearts and minds (and their bodies too) when they listen. Philosophers, psychologists, sociologists and cultural historians have all found this subject fascinating. As, of course, have musicologists.<\/p><p>This interest in how people actually listen to classical music (and other sorts of music)<br\/>is a recent phenomenon. Well into the 20th century, discussion about listening was prescriptive, not descriptive \u2013 there was a right way to listen and a right way to respond, and woe betide anyone who got it wrong. In 1897, Henry Krehbiel published his <em>How to Listen to Music<\/em>, a weighty tome full of finger- wagging advice.<\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/articles\/which-piece-first-inspired-you-listen-classical-music\">Which piece got you into classical music?<\/a><\/strong> <\/li><\/ul><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-it-s-a-wonder-anyone-dared-to-go-to-a-concert-in-the-late-19th-century\">&#8216;It\u2019s a wonder anyone dared to go to a concert in the late 19th century&#8217;<\/h2><p>There\u2019s a section on \u2018Blunders by Tennyson, Lamb, Coleridge, Mrs Harriet [Beecher Stowe]\u2019, a \u2018warning against pedants and rhapsodists\u2019 and this stern reminder in the contents page: \u2018Taste and judgement not a birthright \u2013 the necessity of antecedent study\u2019.<\/p><p>It\u2019s a wonder anyone dared to go to a concert in the late 19th century. This attitude lingered well into the 20th century, though the writers\u2019 tone was more friendly. <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/aaron-copland\">Aaron Copland<\/a><\/strong>\u2019s <em>What to Listen for in Music <\/em>and Antony Hopkins\u2019s <em>Talking about Music <\/em>still assume that listening is a skill, and that without it we miss much that music has to offer. <\/p><p>This determination to prescribe the right way to listen to music was so ingrained that writers yielded to it, even when they thought they were being descriptive. In his 1941 essay <em>On Popular Music<\/em>, that severe philosopher Theodor Adorno takes a big stick to pop songs for being so perfectly formulaic. <\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/articles\/six-best-pop-songs-inspired-classical-music\">Six of the best: pop songs inspired by classical music<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>He says this enforces a trivial sort of listening, in contrast to classical music where the details and the whole form are dynamically interrelated. \u2018The scheme (of a pop song) emphasises the most primitive harmonic facts no matter what has harmonically intervened,\u2019 he says primly. \u2018Complications have no consequences.\u2019 This means that details matter more than the whole and, consequently, \u2018the listener becomes prone to evince stronger reactions to the part than to the whole.\u2019<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Engraving of a salon concert by Franz Schubert (at the piano). Vienna, Historisches Museum Der Stadt Wien (History Museum) (Photo by DeAgostini\/Getty Images) &#8211; DeAgostini\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-look-at-how-people-actually-listen-rather-than-telling-them-how-they-should-listen\">&#8216;Look at how people actually listen, rather than telling them how they should listen&#8217;<\/h2><p>And where\u2019s his evidence for that assertion? There isn\u2019t any \u2013 Adorno is setting up a principle, and assuming the facts will obediently follow. That high-handed attitude to reality won\u2019t do any more. Today\u2019s scholars have come round to thinking that a certain humility is in order. Looking into how people actually listen, rather than telling them how they ought to listen, is the order of the day.<\/p><p>To do that requires facts which by their nature are elusive, as listening has become an increasingly private affair. Some researchers focus on the present, doing patient field-work in the places people actually use music: work places, living rooms, at the gym. Some focus on the past, patiently sifting the evidence for clues as to how (or even whether) they listened to music. (The Listening Experience Database, see below, is a project interested in both).<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-listening-to-bon-jovi-is-just-as-revealing-as-beethoven\">&#8216;Listening to Bon Jovi is just as revealing as Beethoven&#8217;<\/h2><p>For researchers interested in how we listen now, no sort of music is too humdrum, and no music too ephemeral. They are interested in the way music weaves itself into our everyday lives. One fascinating journal article I came across is entitled \u2018Personal collections as material assemblages: A comparison of wardrobes and music collections\u2019. <\/p><p>In this world-view, there are no hierarchies. The experience of half-listening to a Bon Jovi album while doing the ironing is just as revealing of the warp and weft of human feelings as a Beethoven <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-string-quartet\">string quartet<\/a><\/strong> listened to in rapt silence at Wigmore Hall.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Leonkoro Quartet - Beethoven, String Quartet No. 9 in C Op. 59 No. 3 'Razumovsky'\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/GFeQH3djBXY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><p>Turning to the other sort of research \u2013 the sort that examines modes of listening in cultures distant from ours \u2013 is if anything even more subversive of received ideas about \u2018proper\u2019 ways of listening. If by \u2018distant\u2019 we mean non-Western cultures, then we may find that the listening experience is not just elusive but non-existent. In many cultures everyone participates, either by playing, dancing or joining in the ritual which the music articulates. There are no listeners as such.<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-before-the-romantic-era-music-s-role-was-social-not-private\">Before the Romantic era, music&#8217;s role was social, not private<\/h2><p>Even within the field of \u2018classical music,\u2019 the presence of rapt, attentive listeners is not a given. If anything it\u2019s the exception, a late flower of an art music culture which could only blossom in the special climate of the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/best-romantic-composers\">Romantic era<\/a><\/strong>. Before that, music wasn\u2019t thought of as the vehicle for a special kind of intimate, private experience. <\/p><p>Its role was social, and if people listened, it was so they could display their knowledge and engage in disputes about the quality of this or that singer or player. A writer on <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/articles\/medieval-music-guide\">Medieval<\/a><\/strong> poet-singers named Raimon Vidal declared that \u2018one of the most worthy things in the world is to praise what is to be praised and to condemn what is to be condemned\u2019.<\/p><p>Another way of showing skill and expertise was to join in, and the criteria for making a good showing weren\u2019t necessarily musical. The 16th-century <em>Chronicle of Castile <\/em>suggests that sophisticated art songs, of the kind we would enjoy for their musical value, had a lowly status as background to carousing, whereas popular songs, of the kind we would find monotonous, took centre-stage. Everyone joined in, as the simple repeating structure created a framework for guests to outdo each other in improvised verbal dexterity.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1890\" height=\"1145\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2024\/07\/GettyImages3066417_cmyk.jpg\" alt=\"Illustration of a string quartet playing to an audience, 1846 \" class=\"wp-image-207498\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Left to right: violinist Henri Vieuxtemps with other members of a string quartet playing in a chamber music concert in a series known as the &#8216;Musical Union&#8217;, 1846. Pic: HultonArchive\/Illustrated London News\/Getty Images &#8211; HultonArchive\/Illustrated London News\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-no-one-had-any-desire-to-listen\">&#8216;No one had any desire to listen&#8217;<\/h2><p>Jump forward to the early-18th century, and we find that listening to music too attentively was actually thought to be vulgar. \u2018There is nothing so damnable as listening to a work like a street merchant or a provincial just off the boat,\u2019 says a character in La Morli\u00e8re\u2019s novel of 1744, <em>Angola<\/em>. <\/p><p>Forty years later, the writer Fanny Burney describes a concert \u2018to which no one of the party but herself had any desire to listen, no sort of attention was paid; the ladies entertaining themselves as if no orchestra was in the room, and the gentlemen, with an equal disregard to it, struggling for a place by the fire, about which they continued hovering till the music was over.\u2019<\/p><p>But a change was in the air. The cult of sensibility which arose later in the century favoured indefinable emotions, the sort that couldn\u2019t be pinned down to a definite image or narrative. Instrumental music was tailor-made to satisfy this new appetite, and now came into its own. A genuine culture of listening came into being, which in turn prompted a respect for the integrity of musical works. Previously these had been chopped into separate movements or mixed and matched into medleys or pasticcios. To clap between movements of a pasticcio was acceptable; to clap between movements of a Beethoven symphony began to seem wrong.<\/p><h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-no-lord-or-lady-dared-to-interrupt-the-music-by-fashionable-chatter\">\u2018No lord or lady dared to interrupt the music by fashionable chatter\u2019<\/h3><p>The new cult of reverent silence was exemplified by John Ella\u2019s Musical Union, a concert-giving susbscription society founded in London in 1845 whose motto was \u2018the greatest homage to music is to listen in silence\u2019. In his <em>Cyclopaedic Survey of Chamber Music<\/em>, WW Cobbett recalled that \u2018it was a sight for the gods when Ella rose from his gilded seat, held aloft his large, capable hands, clapped them, and called for SILENCE in a stentorian voice. <\/p><p>After this, no lord or lady present, however distinguished, dared to interrupt the music by fashionable or any other kind of chatter.\u2019 It wasn\u2019t long before the new fashion for silence became a norm to be sternly enforced. \u2018It is exceedingly vulgar to annoy your neighbours by beating time, humming the tunes, or making unseemly and ridiculous gestures of admiration,\u2019 said George Watson\u2019s <em>Etiquette for All <\/em>in 1861.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1707\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/43\/2024\/07\/GettyImages-1207202676-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Classical music audience\" class=\"wp-image-207499\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u2018It is exceedingly vulgar to annoy your neighbours by beating time, humming the tunes, or making unseemly and ridiculous gestures of admiration,\u2019 said George Watson\u2019s Etiquette for All in 1861. Pic: Hiroyuki Ito\/Getty Images &#8211; Hiroyuki Ito\/Getty Images<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Which is more or less where we\u2019re at today \u2013 except that once again, change is in the air. There\u2019s a sense that concert behaviour has become too formal, and that classical music can only win new audiences by relaxing the rules. But in any case, how true is the ideology of \u2018pure music\u2019 to the way we actually attend to music? <\/p><p>Don\u2019t we all have mixed motives when going to a concert, which is as much to do with meeting like-minded people as it is to listening to masterworks? To say that isn\u2019t to denigrate music itself. It simply acknowledges that the role of music in our lives is complex, and as varied as human life itself.<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-introducing-the-listening-experience-database\">Introducing&#8230; the Listening Experience Database<\/h2><p>Created by researchers at the Open University and the Royal College of Music, and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/led.kmi.open.ac.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Listening Experience Database<\/a><\/strong> is a publicly accessible, fully searchable historic database containing written records in English of thousands of experiences of listening to music. The focus is on the \u2018private, intimate experience\u2019 of every kind of music, from ordinary listeners who had no intention to influence public opinion (as opposed to, say, music critics).<\/p><p>The database includes records across a time-span of five centuries, written in every kind of circumstance. There are reports of an 18th-century Englishman hearing Polynesian music, a New Yorker listening to <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/leonard-bernstein-composer\">Leonard Bernstein<\/a><\/strong> on the radio while driving across the city, and a witness to psalm-singing used to pacify a woman supposedly possessed of the devil. The oldest record is of a Portuguese Jesuit priest\u2019s impression of Chinese music (in translation).<\/p><p>The database is open for contributions from the public. So, if you have family letters and diaries that, say, enthuse about the Amadeus Quartet at Royal Festival Hall, or pour scorn on Henry Hall\u2019s band on the Home Service, feel free to contribute them.<\/p><p><em>This article first appeared in the April 2016 issue of BBC Music Magazine<\/em><\/p> <\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Published: Thursday, 04 July 2024 at 09:34 AM Listeners are the unsung heroes and heroines of classical music. Composers have their reverent biographers, their biopics and statues in the public square; performers have ecstatic fans, the limos and the recordings contracts. But who cares about the poor old listener, the third member of the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":44802,"template":"","categories":[1],"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"10"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2024\/07\/how-do-you-listen-to-music-alone-or-with-others-heres-how-listening-has-evolved-down-the-centuries.jpg",2560,1936,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2024\/07\/how-do-you-listen-to-music-alone-or-with-others-heres-how-listening-has-evolved-down-the-centuries-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2024\/07\/how-do-you-listen-to-music-alone-or-with-others-heres-how-listening-has-evolved-down-the-centuries-300x227.jpg",300,227,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2024\/07\/how-do-you-listen-to-music-alone-or-with-others-heres-how-listening-has-evolved-down-the-centuries-768x581.jpg",768,581,true],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2024\/07\/how-do-you-listen-to-music-alone-or-with-others-heres-how-listening-has-evolved-down-the-centuries-1024x774.jpg",800,605,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2024\/07\/how-do-you-listen-to-music-alone-or-with-others-heres-how-listening-has-evolved-down-the-centuries-1536x1162.jpg",1536,1162,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2024\/07\/how-do-you-listen-to-music-alone-or-with-others-heres-how-listening-has-evolved-down-the-centuries-2048x1549.jpg",2048,1549,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"By Published: Thursday, 04 July 2024 at 09:34 AM Listeners are the unsung heroes and heroines of classical music. Composers have their reverent biographers, their biopics and statues in the public square; performers have ecstatic fans, the limos and the recordings contracts. But who cares about the poor old listener, the third member of the&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/44801"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/44802"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=44801"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=44801"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}