{"id":50136,"date":"2024-11-30T15:34:22","date_gmt":"2024-11-30T14:34:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/f900a2c5-d6ec-4feb-8d7c-ba7c3f542e6c"},"modified":"2024-11-30T16:09:20","modified_gmt":"2024-11-30T15:09:20","slug":"mahler-the-composer-for-whom-the-symphony-must-be-like-the-world","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/rss_feed\/mahler-the-composer-for-whom-the-symphony-must-be-like-the-world\/","title":{"rendered":"Mahler: the composer for whom ‘the symphony must be like the world’"},"content":{"rendered":"

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By <\/p>

Published: Saturday, 30 November 2024 at 14:34 PM<\/p>

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His music is some of the most powerful and emotive of the 20th century. It evokes the fresh air and nature of the composer’s beloved Alpine landscapes, and also takes in everything from marching bands to folk tunes. Meet the master synthesist, Gustav Mahler.<\/p>

Who was Gustav Mahler?<\/h2>
Gustav Mahler (1860-1911) was a late Romantic<\/a><\/strong> composer, as well as one of the most prominent conductors of his generation. Best known for his nine finished symphonies, Mahler is a hugely important connection between the 19th-century Austro-German tradition of Beethoven<\/a><\/strong> and Brahms<\/a><\/strong>, and the early 20th-century modernism of Schoenberg<\/a><\/strong> and others.<\/p>

<\/div> <\/figure> <h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-when-was-mahler-born\">When was Mahler born?<\/h2> <p>Mahler was born on 7 July, 1860 in Bohemia – then a part of the Austrian Empire, now part of the Czech Republic. The little Gustav was the second son born to Bernhard and Marie: the couple eventually had 12 children, but only six survived infancy. The family were Jewish.<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/the-ten-best-czech-composers\">Ten best Czech composers<\/a><\/strong><\/li> <li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/jewish-composers-suppressed-by-nazis\">Jewish composers suppressed by the Nazis: seven great voices we’re starting to hear again<\/a><\/strong><\/li> <\/ul> <h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-where-did-mahler-grow-up\">Where did Mahler grow up?<\/h2> <p>The future composer spent his childhood in the town of Jihlava, where his father had a successful inn and distillery business. Later, from 1875-78, Mahler studied at the Vienna Conservatory, where he learned piano with Julius Epstein and composition and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-is-harmony-in-music\">harmony<\/a><\/strong> with the composer Robert Fuchs.<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li><a class=\"standard-card-newarticle-title\" href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/best-austrian-composers\/\"><strong>10 best Austrian composers of all time<\/strong><\/a><\/li> <\/ul> <h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-are-mahler-s-most-famous-pieces\">What are Mahler’s most famous pieces?<\/h2> <p>Mahler is best known for his <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/works\/which-is-the-best-mahler-symphony\/\">nine completed symphonies<\/a><\/strong>, which between them cross a huge musical and emotional terrain, from joy and awe at nature, via sardonic laughter to bleak despair and on into redemption and hope. Mahler’s symphonic output is without a doubt one of the most intense and involving emotional journeys that a listener can go on.<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"\/> <p>Among his symphonies, the best known include Symphony No. 2 (also known as the ‘Resurrection’). Also very famous is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/recordings\/best-recordings-mahlers-symphony-no-5\/\"><strong>Mahler’s Symphony No. 5<\/strong><\/a>, with its memorable beginning that draws rhythmically on the opening of Beethoven’s own <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/works\/beethoven-fifth-symphony\">Fifth Symphony<\/a><\/strong>, and its soulful, almost unbearably poignant <em>Adagietto<\/em>, thought to be a musical love letter to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/who-was-alma-mahler\/\"><strong>Mahler’s wife Alma<\/strong><\/a>. Among other things, the <em>Adagietto<\/em> is used in the 1971 film of <em>Death in Venice<\/em>.<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"> <div class=\"wp-block-embedwrapper\"> <iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Mahler: Symphony No. 5 (Adagietto) - BBC Proms 2014\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/P8LZ43LA2nY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/> <\/div> <\/figure> <p>Mahler’s Symphony No. 6, also known as the ‘Tragic’, is another of the composer’s best known symphonies.<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li><strong><a class=\"standard-card-newarticle-title\" href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/works\/20-greatest-symphonies-all-time\/\">The 20 greatest symphonies of all time<\/a><\/strong><\/li> <\/ul> <h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-who-did-mahler-marry\">Who did Mahler marry?<\/h2> <p>In November 1901, the 41-year-old Mahler met Alma Schindler at a party. The two of them got talking – about a ballet by Alexander von Zemlinsky, with whom Alma was studying. They started seeing each other very soon afterwards, and were married on 9 March 1902.<\/p> <p>By that time, Alma was already pregnant with her first child, Maria Anna. The couple had a second daughter, Anna, in 1904. Anna Mahler later became a prominent sculptor.<\/p> <h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-when-did-mahler-die\">When did Mahler die?<\/h2> <p>Mahler died in Vienna on 18 May 1911. He had been suffering for some years from rheumatic mitral valve disease. This resulted in the frequent throat infections that, probably, put an end to his life. At the time of his death Mahler was a much in-demand <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/articles\/what-does-a-conductor-do\">conductor<\/a><\/strong>: during the 1910-11 season, he was booked in for 90 concerts.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-were-mahler-s-last-words\">What were Mahler’s last words?<\/h3> <p>On his deathbed, Mahler’s final words were ‘<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/mozart\">Mozart<\/a><\/strong>… Mozart’.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-who-are-the-greatest-mahler-conductors\">Who are the greatest Mahler conductors?<\/h3> <p>In the early and middle 20th centuries, conductors like Bruno Walter and Willem Mengelberg were great conductors of Mahler’s symphonies. Later, in the 1960s, the great American composer and conductor <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/leonard-bernstein\">Leonard Bernstein<\/a><\/strong> played a hugely important role in the resurgence of interest in Mahler.<\/p> <p>Elsewhere, the Dutch conductor <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/artists\/bernard-haitink\">Bernard Haitink<\/a><\/strong> made a much-admired Mahler cycle with Amsterdam’s Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, one of the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/articles\/worlds-best-orchestras\">world’s greatest orchestras<\/a><\/strong>. Indeed, Mahler has always had a huge following in the Netherlands. Rafael Kubel\u00edk, born like Mahler in Bohemia, also made a hugely respected Mahler symphony cycle.<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/artists\/timeline-leonard-bernstein\">West Side Story, an FBI warning, Beethoven by the Wall: Leonard Bernstein’s extraordinary life<\/a><\/strong><\/li> <li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/recordings\/nine-unmissable-recordings-bernard-haitink\">Bernard Haitink: nine unmissable recordings<\/a><\/strong><\/li> <\/ul> <figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\"> <div class=\"wp-block-embedwrapper\"> <iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Mahler - Symphony No 9 - Haitink\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RjYs99atLUI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/> <\/div> <\/figure> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-was-mahler-famous-during-his-lifetime\">Was Mahler famous during his lifetime?<\/h3> <p>While during his lifetime Mahler’s status as a conductor was established beyond question, his own music gained wide popularity only after periods of relative neglect, which included a ban on its performance in much of Europe during the Nazi era. After 1945 his compositions were rediscovered by a new generation of listeners; Mahler then became one of the most frequently performed and recorded of all composers, a position he has sustained into the 21st century.<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li>\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/50-greatest-composers-all-time\">The 50 greatest composers of all time<\/a><\/strong><\/li> <\/ul> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-was-his-musical-style\"><strong>What was his musical style?<\/strong><\/h3> <p>\u2018My time will come.\u2019 That\u2019s probably the most famous of all the remarks attributed to Gustav Mahler.<\/p> <p>It seems to have come resoundingly true in our own time. Not only do Mahler\u2019s symphonies and song cycles turn up regularly in concert programmes and record catalogues, but the use of the voluptuously beautiful <em>Adagietto<\/em> from his Fifth Symphony in the Visconti film <em>Death in Venice<\/em> has also brought Mahler to an audience that might never have thought of setting foot in a concert hall or the classical section of a record store.<\/p> <p>Yet for most of his career Mahler was widely known, not as a composer, but as a great conductor who also happened to compose. His nine completed symphonies \u2013 the backbone of his output \u2013 were ridiculed in some circles. He was routinely accused of being absurdly extravagant, morbid, self-indulgent, unable to discriminate between the sublime and the ridiculous, and worst of all, derivative.<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\"> <div class=\"wp-block-embedwrapper\"> <iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Mahler 3rd Symphony - Finale\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DOJnua08rm4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/> <\/div> <\/figure> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-who-was-mahler-influenced-by\">Who influenced Mahler?<\/h3> <p>When Mahler was conductor at the Vienna Opera, there was a standing joke among musicians. A messenger is seen delivering some scores to Mahler\u2019s dressing room: music by Beethoven, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/hector-berlioz\">Berlioz<\/a><\/strong>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/anton-bruckner\">Bruckner<\/a><\/strong>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/robert-schumann\">Schumann<\/a><\/strong>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/tchaikovsky\">Tchaikovsky<\/a><\/strong>. \u2018Aha,\u2019 comments an observer. \u2018He\u2019s composing again!\u2019<\/p> <p>Many Mahler-loving readers will find it baffling that one of the most original and distinctive composers of the 20th century could ever have been dismissed as a mere plagiarist. But the fact is, there is a grain of truth in the allegation.<\/p> <p>Play the very beginning of the slow (third) movement of Mahler\u2019s Fourth Symphony followed by the orchestral introduction to the Quartet \u2018Mir ist so wunderbar\u2019 from Act I of Beethoven\u2019s opera <em>Fidelio<\/em> and you\u2019ll discover the Mahler is virtually a copy. Only the metre is changed: four beats to a bar instead of three. It can\u2019t be coincidence: <em>Fidelio<\/em> was one of the operas Mahler conducted most frequently.<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"> <div class=\"wp-block-embedwrapper\"> <iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Mahler - Symphony No. 4, 3rd movement\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Ta89H6g0jnM?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/> <\/div> <\/figure> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-mahler-the-great-synthesist\">Mahler: the great synthesist<\/h3> <p>In fact, Mahler is one of music\u2019s great synthesists. He brings together elements from a huge range of sources: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/works\/best-folk-songs-15-most-famous-folk-songs\">folk songs<\/a><\/strong>, street-ditties, barrel-organ tunes, crude military marchesand biergarten waltzes rub shoulders with noble chorales and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-is-a-melody\">melodies<\/a><\/strong> whose grace and warm intensity recall <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/franz-schubert\">Schubert<\/a><\/strong> or Schumann.<\/p> <p>This wild mixing process can also be felt at a deeper, structural level. Thus the Third Symphony combines stretches of self-evident symphonic logic with elements of <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-oratorio\">oratorio<\/a><\/strong>, <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/articles\/what-are-lieder\">Lieder<\/a><\/strong> and even Viennese operetta; the Eighth progresses from a Herculean display of neo-Beethovenian counterpoint to something much closer to grand opera.<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"> <div class=\"wp-block-embedwrapper\"> <iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Esa-Pekka Salonen | Mahler's Symphony No. 3 | VI. Langsam\u2014Ruhevoll\u2014Empfunden\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/M622tyRUYKg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/> <\/div> <\/figure> <p>Attempts have been made to explain the bewildering range of Mahler\u2019s soundworlds in terms of his personal psychology. One incident is made much of by some commentators. In August 1910, Mahler met Sigmund Freud who, in a letter written 14 years later, described what the composer told him. \u2018[Mahler\u2019s] father, apparently a brutal person, treated his wife very badly, and when Mahler was a young boy there was a specially painful scene between them.<\/p> <p>‘It became quite unbearable to the boy, who rushed away from the house. At that moment, however, a hurdy-gurdy in the street was grinding out the popular Viennese <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-aria\">aria<\/a><\/strong> \u201cO, du lieber Augustin\u201d. In Mahler\u2019s opinion the conjunction of high tragedy and light amusement was from then on inextricably fixed in his mind, and the one mood inevitably brought the other with it.\u2019<\/p> <p>Yet Mahler\u2019s bringing together of incongruous elements is not in itself new. What is new is the way he exalts it into a musical philosophy. Even those derivations from other composers are part of it all. He isn\u2019t simply stealing from them: he is invoking the great classical tradition in which he was raised.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">‘Three times homeless’<\/h3> <p>The terrifying climax of the <em><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/musical-terms\/what-is-adagio-in-music\">Adagio<\/a><\/strong><\/em> first movement of the incomplete Tenth Symphony, for example, brings to mind both the <em>Adagio<\/em> final movement of the Ninth Symphony by Mahler\u2019s teacher Bruckner, and the climactic crescendo of the slow movement of <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/recordings\/best-recordings-schuberts-symphony-no-9\">Schubert\u2019s Ninth Symphony<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"> <div class=\"wp-block-embedwrapper\"> <iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Mahler compl Cooke Symphony No 10 (Mvt 1: Adagio) \u2013 Sir Simon Rattle\/London Symphony Orchestra\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/F5RIpXSKwn4?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/> <\/div> <\/figure> <p>It\u2019s as though Mahler were telling us, \u2018I belong with these people, and yet I don\u2019t\u2019; the kind of ironic stance one might expect of an artist who described himself as \u2018three times homeless: a native of Bohemia in Austria; an Austrian among Germans; a Jew throughout the whole world.\u2019<\/p> <p>It is also what one might expect of a highly self-conscious 20th-century composer looking back on the 19th century. For although Mahler often seems to present himself in late-Romantic musical dress, his vision of a universe that is full of ambiguities, paradoxes and contradictions is a thoroughly modern one, in line with the puzzles of Franz Kafka or the \u2018impossible\u2019 pictures of Max Escher. ‘The symphony must be like the world. It must embrace everything,’ Mahler famously told <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/composers\/jean-sibelius\">Jean Sibelius<\/a><\/strong>, a composer with a very different conception of music, when the two met in 1907.<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"> <li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/works\/sibelius-a-life-in-10-masterpieces\">Sibelius: a life in ten masterpieces<\/a><\/strong><\/li> <\/ul> <p>Not that Mahler always remains true to this \u2018modern\u2019 vision. When, at the end of the Fifth Symphony, he brings back the chorale theme from the second movement in brassy triumph, it seems he wants us to hear this as the culmination of a musical story-line that has run throughout the work. But in all his symphonies, the storyline is eventually disrupted by forces which seem to intrude from some other dimension.<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\"> <div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"> <iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Mahler: Symphony No. 5: V. Rondo-Finale\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/hOIzYnZJ9Qg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/> <\/div> <\/figure> <p>Far from seeing everything in terms of one all-encompassing vision, Mahler can see only the frightening diversity of things \u2013 a universe without the reassuring certainties of religious faith or Newtonian physics.<\/p> <p>Sometimes Mahler himself is unequal to that vision. He tries to find faith, rational order in his cosmos. At other times he attempts escapism, as in the Fourth Symphony\u2019s nostalgic portrayal of an imagined childhood paradise. But the attempts ultimately fail and then there is the possibility of the void to be faced \u2013 as in the singer\u2019s unresolved falling phrases at the end of <em>Das Lied von der Erde<\/em>.<\/p> <p>Perhaps that is why it took so long for Mahler\u2019s time to come. Yet his ability to confront a potentially godless universe can help us confront it. If we make the journey with him, we may find that we are the better for it.<\/p> <h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-and-is-beyonce-related-to-mahler\">Oh, and one last thing. Is Beyonc\u00e9 related to Mahler?<\/h3> <p>Yes! According to recent research, Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles is Gustav Mahler’s eighth cousin, four times removed.<\/p> <ul class=\"wp-block-list\"\/> <\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Published: Saturday, 30 November 2024 at 14:34 PM His music is some of the most powerful and emotive of the 20th century. 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