{"id":7745,"date":"2022-01-04T08:32:57","date_gmt":"2022-01-04T07:32:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/?p=161409"},"modified":"2022-01-04T08:46:10","modified_gmt":"2022-01-04T07:46:10","slug":"stravinskys-ballets-a-guide-to-all-his-masterpieces","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/rss_feed\/stravinskys-ballets-a-guide-to-all-his-masterpieces\/","title":{"rendered":"Stravinsky\u2019s ballets: a guide to all his masterpieces"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"rssexcerpt\"><\/p><p class=\"rssauthor\">By Erik Levi\n                \t\t<\/p><p class=\"rssbyline\">Published: Tuesday, 04 January 2022 at 12:00 am<\/p><hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body><p><strong>\u2018I love ballet and am more interested in it than anything else.\u2019 When <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/igor-stravinsky\/&quot;\">Igor Stravinsky<\/a> wrote these words in 1911, he was basking in the afterglow of the phenomenal success of his early ballets The Firebird and Petrushka.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>But this commitment to ballet remained with the Russian composer for life. Indeed, it became the focal point of his creativity and resulted in him composing a dozen highly distinctive ballet scores spanning a period of over 40 years, as well as many other works for the stage in which dance played an important role.<\/p>\n<section class=\"&quot;highlight\"><div class=\"&quot;highlight__content\" editor-content=\"\"> <ul><li><strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/the-best-ballet-composers-of-all-time\/&quot;\">The best ballet composers of all time<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/articles\/guide-swan-lake\/&quot;\">Swan Lake: the story behind Tchaikovsky\u2019s great ballet score<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/articles\/nine-unexpected-uses-tchaikovskys-nutcracker\/&quot;\">Nine unexpected uses of Tchaikovsky\u2019s \u2018The Nutcracker\u2019<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><p> <\/p><\/div> <\/section><p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">That writing ballets assumed such importance for Stravinsky is all the more remarkable given the generally low status that had been accorded to the medium during his formative years. With the obvious exception of works by <strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/pyotr-ilyich-tchaikovsky\/&quot;\">Tchaikovsky<\/a><\/strong> and Glazunov, ballet scores of the late 19th century were generally blighted with insipid, vulgar or inconsequential music that bore little relationship to what was happening on stage. Ballet plots were no better, beset as they often were with inane scenarios that were more concerned with spectacle than dramatic coherence.<span class=\"&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;\">\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<section class=\"&quot;highlight\"><div class=\"&quot;highlight__content\" editor-content=\"\"> <ul><li><strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/did-coco-chanel-have-an-affair-with-igor-stravinsky\/&quot;\">Did Coco Chanel have an affair with Igor Stravinsky?<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/articles\/six-best-works-stravinsky\/&quot;\">Which are Stravinsky\u2019s best pieces of music?<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><p> <\/p><\/div> <\/section><p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">All this changed with Stravinsky. Under the charismatic influence of Serge Diaghilev and his Ballets Russes, the composer collaborated with a host of inspirational creative figures, from Fokine, Benois, Nijinsky and Balanchine to Bakst, Goncharova, Matisse and Picasso, and elevated ballet into a dazzling and vibrant medium of artistic expression. <i>The\u00a0Times<\/i> critic, reviewing the Ballet Russes\u2019s appearances at Covent Garden in 1913, vividly communicated what was so novel and exciting about their achievements: \u2018The Russians have endowed us with a new art whose sense lies in the harmonious and free cooperation of men of the greatest distinction and daring in the four arts which go into the making of ballet. Music, colour, the poetry of original literary thought and the poetry of motion have never been so united, each indispensable, each illuming the others as by this company of great artists.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">But this was just the beginning. From the unknown 20-something first engaged by Diaghilev to a world-renowned composer in his 70s, Stravinsky continued to push <\/span><span class=\"&quot;s2&quot;\">the artform in all manner of new directions <\/span><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">with a stream of notable ballets, each one inventive in its own distinctive way.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2>Which ballets are written by Stravinsky?<\/h2>\n<p class=\"&quot;p3&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;\">\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s3&quot;\">The Firebird <\/span><span class=\"&quot;s4&quot;\"><i>(1910)<\/i><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">It would be difficult to overestimate the seismic impact of the Ballets Russes\u2019s first Paris season in 1909. Audiences were simply wowed by the spectacularly staged adaptation of the Polovtsian Dances from <strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/alexander-borodin\/&quot;\">Borodin<\/a><\/strong>\u2019s <i>Prince Igor<\/i> and elegant ballet confections such as <i>Les Sylphides<\/i> which presented piano music by <strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/frederic-chopin\/&quot;\">Chopin<\/a><\/strong> in orchestral garb. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">The only missing link in this feast of attractions was a new and entirely original Russian ballet, which Diaghilev hoped would materialise by the 1910 season. His chief choreographer, Michel Fokine, had in fact sketched out a detailed scenario for such a work, entitling it <strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/works\/stravinskys-firebird\/&quot;\"><i>The Firebird<\/i><\/a><\/strong> \u2013 an amalgamation of various Russian fairy-tales about a bird whose magic feather rescues a prince from the clutches of the evil demon Kashchei.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Finding someone who was willing to write the music was another matter. Diaghilev tried to interest several established Russian composers such as Lyadov and Nikolai Tcherepnin, but without success. Only his fourth choice, Rimsky-Korsakov\u2019s 28-year-old pupil Stravinsky, eagerly seized the opportunity.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<iframe title=\"&quot;Firebird\" ekaterina=\"\" kondaurova=\"\" width=\"&quot;200&quot;\" height=\"&quot;150&quot;\" src=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/EC6MmmLKEmA?feature=oembed&quot;\" frameborder=\"&quot;0&quot;\" allow=\"&quot;accelerometer;\" autoplay=\"\" clipboard-write=\"\" encrypted-media=\"\" gyroscope=\"\" picture-in-picture=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">How much of a gamble Diaghilev took in entrusting this task to such a relatively unknown composer is open to question. After all, he had heard Stravinsky\u2019s early orchestral piece <i>Scherzo fantastique<\/i> performed in St Petersburg early in 1909 and was much impressed by its brilliant orchestral mastery and imaginative use of harmony (qualities confirmed by the premiere later that year of Stravinsky\u2019s <i>Fireworks<\/i>). Diaghilev\u2019s judgement in this respect proved to be impeccable, since Stravinsky rose to the challenge magnificently. Quite simply, the score for <i>The Firebird<\/i> is astounding. Stravinsky had completely absorbed all the tricks of the trade from <strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/nikolay-rimsky-korsakov\/&quot;\">Rimsky-Korsakov<\/a><\/strong>, the master orchestrator himself. The sheer range of colours that Stravinsky extracts from his huge orchestra is bewitching, in every respect fully complementing L\u00e9on Bakst and Alexander Golovine\u2019s lavish costumes and exotic stage sets. Certainly, nothing Stravinsky had written up to that point quite matches the high levels of inspiration and imagination achieved in <i>The Firebird<\/i>. <span class=\"&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;\">\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Stravinsky\u2019s score pays homage to his Russian forebears such as Rimsky-Korsakov and Borodin and draws much of its melodic inspiration from Russian folk music. But other elements of his music already reflect his distance from these models and feature modern chromatic harmonies that are more reminiscent of <strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/alexander-scriabin\/&quot;\">Scriabin<\/a><\/strong> and <strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/claude-debussy\/&quot;\">Debussy<\/a><\/strong>. There are also premonitions of the way his music would evolve, in particular his daring manipulation of rhythm in the famous \u2018Infernal Dance\u2019.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">The critical reception for <i>The Firebird<\/i> matched the enormous enthusiasm of the French audience, one writer going so far as to acclaim it as \u2018the most exquisite marvel of equilibrium ever imagined between sounds, movements and forms\u2019.<span class=\"&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;\">\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended recording<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Philharmonia <\/span><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Orchestra\/Robert Craft <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\"><i>Naxos 8.557500<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p3&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s2&quot;\">Conduct<\/span><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">ed by a close associate of Stravinsky\u2019s, this <i>Firebird<\/i> is a sonic spectacular \u2013 also the only one to offer the entire original score.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul><li><strong><a href=\"\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Stravinsky-Firebird-Petrushka-Philharmonia-Orchestra\/dp\/B0007ORDX6\/ref=sr_1_1?tag=classicalm05c-21&amp;ascsubtag=classicalmusic-0&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;sponsored&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Buy from\u00a0 Amazon<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><h3 class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s3&quot;\">Petrushka<\/span><span class=\"&quot;s4&quot;\"><i> (1911)<\/i><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Even after more than a century, Stravinsky\u2019s music for <i>Petrushka<\/i> still sounds amazingly fresh and vibrant. The score presents a dazzling array of intoxicating colours, reflecting all the excitement of the Shrovetide fair in 19th-century St Petersburg. But the underlying tension between this external world and the internal drama of the hapless puppet Petrushka, who is rejected by the Ballerina and meets his death at the hands of the Moor, also creates an underlying sense of anxiety that is reinforced by the work\u2019s emotionally equivocal closing passages.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">After the overwhelming success of <i>The Firebird<\/i>, Stravinsky had initially resisted Diaghilev\u2019s request for a further ballet for his 1911 season, and instead set to work on writing a purely abstract Konzertst\u00fcck for piano and orchestra. It soon became evident, however, that the new work\u2019s fragmentary writing and dislocated rhythms had programmatic connotations which, in the words of the composer, effectively \u2018mimicked the actions of a puppet that had suddenly been endowed with life and was exasperating the patience of an orchestra with devilish cascades of arpeggios\u2019. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">After hearing Stravinsky\u2019s music, Diaghilev was convinced of its dramatic potential. He encouraged Stravinsky and stage designer Alexander Benois to come up with a suitable scenario, and the idea of <i>Petrushka<\/i> was born.<span class=\"&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;\">\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\"><i>Petrushka<\/i> marks a considerable advance on <i>The Firebird<\/i> in its range of expression, its ingenious manipulation of Russian folk material and its rhythmic diversity in numbers such as the Russian Dance in Tableau 1 and the Waltz between the Ballerina and the Moor in Tableau\u00a03. More importantly, the relationship between the music and the action on stage reaches a new level of integration that far exceeds any previous ballet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Audiences in Paris were just as dazzled by <i>Petrushka<\/i> as by <i>The Firebird<\/i>. But the biggest compliment paid to Stravinsky surely came from Debussy, who told the composer that he was \u2018bewitched by the sonorous magic of his orchestral writing\u2019. Indeed, this strong admiration for <i>Petrushka<\/i> can be discerned in many of the Frenchman\u2019s later scores.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s3&quot;\">The Rite of Spring<i> <\/i><\/span><span class=\"&quot;s4&quot;\"><i>(1913)<\/i><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Nothing would be the same after the controversial first performance of <strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/works\/stravinskys-rite-spring-guide-and-best-recordings\/&quot;\"><i>The Rite of Spring<\/i><\/a><\/strong> in Paris in May 1913. Although Stravinsky\u2019s score still exhibited the strong influence of Russian folk melodies and an adherence to <strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/nikolay-rimsky-korsakov\/&quot;\">Rimsky-Korsakov<\/a><\/strong>\u2019s octatonic scale, almost all the fundamental elements of music were forever changed. The huge orchestra is used in an extravagant and almost relentlessly percussive and pounding manner. No less provocative are the few quieter sections in the score where Stravinsky exploits instruments in completely unfamiliar registers and builds up a complex web of polyphony made up of completely disparate melismas and shrieks in the woodwind. After hundreds of years, Stravinsky abandons the tyranny of the barline \u2013 metre and pulse are now in a state of constant flux. In some respects, this revolutionary approach to rhythm can be compared to Picasso\u2019s liberating line drawing and cubist shapes.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<iframe title=\"&quot;SF\" ballet=\"\" in=\"\" rite=\"\" of=\"\" spring=\"\" width=\"&quot;200&quot;\" height=\"&quot;113&quot;\" src=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/sPpq44uEyXo?feature=oembed&quot;\" frameborder=\"&quot;0&quot;\" allow=\"&quot;accelerometer;\" autoplay=\"\" clipboard-write=\"\" encrypted-media=\"\" gyroscope=\"\" picture-in-picture=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">The scenario, devised by the artist Nicholas Roerich and the composer, depicts a sequence of rituals in pagan Russia celebrating the advent of spring which culminate in a chosen woman dancing herself to death. It was matched by equally daring choreography from Vaslav Nijinsky that broke all the conventions of ballet. One of the dancers commented at the time that \u2018Jumps were no longer completed on toes with slightly flexed knees, but flat-footed and straight-legged\u2026With every leap, we landed heavily enough to jar every organ in our bodies.\u2019<span class=\"&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;\">\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\"><i>The Rite<\/i> eventually received acclaim in the concert hall as a virtuoso orchestral showpiece and achieved even more widespread dissemination when it was featured in Walt Disney\u2019s <i>Fantasia<\/i>. Yet experiencing it in the theatre, as originally intended, still has a devastating impact.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended recording<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">MusicAeterna\/Teodor Currentzis<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\"><i>Sony 88875061412<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p3&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Out of several hair-raising recorded accounts of Stravinsky\u2019s revolutionary score, this one is one of the most thrilling in modern sound<\/span><\/p>\n<ul><li><strong><a href=\"\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Sacre-Du-Deluxe-I-Stravinsky\/dp\/B0125PLX6W\/ref=sr_1_1?tag=classicalm05c-21&amp;ascsubtag=classicalmusic-0&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;sponsored&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Buy from Amazon<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><h3 class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s3&quot;\">Les Noces <\/span><span class=\"&quot;s4&quot;\"><i>(1914-23)<\/i><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s2&quot;\">\u2018When I first played <i>Les Noces<\/i> to Diaghilev,\u2019 <\/span><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">wrote Stravinsky in 1962, \u2018he wept and said it was the most beautiful and the most purely Russian creation of our Ballet.\u2019 Subtitled choreographic scenes with music and voices, this ballet depicting the rituals of a Russian peasant wedding exhibits an earthy rhythmic drive and exhilaration just as mesmerising as <i>The Rite<\/i>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">The political turmoil of the <strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/articles\/what-was-impact-world-war-one-music\/&quot;\">First World War<\/a><\/strong> and the Russian Revolution, which forced the composer to leave his homeland for ever, was only partially responsible for the unusually long time Stravinsky spent bringing the work to its final form. More crucially, he made several attempts to arrive at what he believed to be the most apposite instrumental accompaniment for the voices and chorus. His eventual decision to score the work for four pianos and percussion proved to be a masterstroke, as the \u2018perfectly homogenous, perfectly impersonal and perfectly mechanical timbres\u2019 of this ensemble provided the ideal foil for Bronislava Nijinska\u2019s austere and geometrically conceived choreography.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended recording<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Soloists; English Bach Festival Chorus &amp; Percussion Ensemble\/<strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/leonard-bernstein\/&quot;\">Leonard Bernstein <\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\"><i>Deutsche Grammophon 423 2512<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p3&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Pianist <strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/artists\/the-best-recordings-of-pianist-martha-argerich\/&quot;\">Martha Argerich<\/a><\/strong> and Krystian Zimerman feature in this beautifully recorded account which invariably casts its spell with its final peal of bells.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul><li><strong><a href=\"\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Stravinsky-Noces-Mass-Igor\/dp\/B000001G8Y\/ref=sr_1_1?tag=classicalm05c-21&amp;ascsubtag=classicalmusic-0&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;sponsored&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Buy from Amazon<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><h3 class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s3&quot;\">Pulcinella<\/span><span class=\"&quot;s4&quot;\"> <i>(1920)<\/i><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">In 1919, Diaghilev asked Stravinsky to consider writing a ballet featuring <i>commedia dell\u2019arte<\/i> dancing characters, which featured unpublished 18th-century Neapolitan music that the impresario had discovered in an Italian library. He dangled a further carrot in front of the composer with the prospect that Picasso would be involved in the production.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Stravinsky was initially very sceptical about the idea, but nonetheless agreed to look at the music. To his amazement, he was totally enchanted by it and set to work almost immediately on composing the work. What emerged, however, was something far beyond mere arrangement or pastiche. Remarkably, Stravinsky leaves all the notes of the original music by <strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/giovanni-battista-pergolesi\/&quot;\">Pergolesi<\/a><\/strong>, Gallo and other 18th-century Italian composers fully intact. But the way in which he rearranged or refracted it, using a plethora of imaginative orchestral textures, unconventional harmonic patterns and irresistible rhythmic syncopations, made the score sound uniquely his. Stravinsky eventually came to realise the significance of what he had achieved: \u2018<i>Pulcinella<\/i> was my discovery of the past and the epiphany through which the whole of my late work became\u00a0possible.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended recording<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">St Paul Chamber Orchestra\/Christopher Hogwood<span class=\"&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\"><i>Decca 425 6142 <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p3&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Christopher Hogwood brings his invigorating insight to Stravinsky\u2019s treatment of Pergolesi, also recording the original source material.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul><li><strong><a href=\"\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Stravinsky-Pulcinella-Dumbarton-Pergolesi-Sinfonia\/dp\/B06XH4H6RS\/ref=sr_1_1?tag=classicalm05c-21&amp;ascsubtag=classicalmusic-0&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;sponsored&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Buy from Amazon<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><h3 class=\"&quot;p5&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s5&quot;\">Apollo<\/span><span class=\"&quot;s3&quot;\"><i> (1927) <\/i> <\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\"><i>Apollo<\/i> is the epitome of Stravinsky\u2019s so-called neo-classicism. It was described by the composer as a \u2018white\u2019 ballet \u2013 a score of diatonic (non-chromatic) purity and emotional restraint conceived for string orchestra that strips the music down to its barest essentials and seems as far removed as possible from the Dionysian world of his early ballets. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">The scenario centres around Apollo, the Greek god of music, who on his ascent to Parnassus is visited by three muses: of dance and song (Terpsichore), mime (Polyhymnia) and poetry (Calliope). George Balanchine, who had joined the Ballets Russes in the early 1920s, devised the choreography for the ballet which, in its plasticity and classical elegance, won the full admiration of the composer. It proved to be the first of many enormously fruitful and intellectually fulfilling collaborations between the two that lasted to the ends of their lives. <span class=\"&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;\">\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended recording<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">City of Birmingham Symphony\u00a0 <\/span><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Orchestra\/Simon Rattle <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\"><i>Warner 967 7112 <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p3&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">One of <strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/features\/recordings\/rattles-best-recordings\/&quot;\">Simon Rattle<\/a><\/strong>\u2019s finest Stravinsky recordings captures the balletic grace and haunting beauty of this neo-classical score.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul><li><strong><a href=\"\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Apollo-Tableaux-Deuxi%C3%A8me-Variation-Terpsichore\/dp\/B002TFSZL0\/ref=sr_1_5?tag=classicalm05c-21&amp;ascsubtag=classicalmusic-0&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;sponsored&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Stream on Amazon<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><h3 class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s3&quot;\">The Fairy\u2019s Kiss<\/span><span class=\"&quot;s4&quot;\"> <i>(1928) <\/i><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Stravinsky\u2019s capacity for confounding expectations never ceased to amaze. Almost immediately after completing <i>Apollo<\/i>, with its strong echoes of 17th- century French composers such as Lully, he turned somewhat unexpectedly to the music of Tchaikovsky as the model for his next ballet, whose scenario is based upon Hans Christian Andersen\u2019s tale <i>The Ice Maiden<\/i>.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Most of the musical material for <i>The Fairy\u2019s Kiss<\/i> is drawn from Tchaikovsky\u2019s lesser-known piano music and songs. Yet it is so utterly transformed in the Stravinsky\u2019s hands that the two composers\u2019 musical languages are miraculously merged into one. As he wrote in a letter to <i>The Times<\/i> in 1921, \u2018To my mind Tchaikovsky\u2019s music is often more profoundly Russian than music that has long since been awarded the facile label of Muscovite picturesqueness.\u2019<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s3&quot;\">Jeu de cartes <\/span><span class=\"&quot;s4&quot;\"><i>(1936)<\/i><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">The death of Diaghilev in 1929, which prompted the disbandment of the Ballets Russes, devastated Stravinsky and brought to an end to a collaboration of unparalleled artistic richness. It therefore took some years before the composer returned to writing ballets. Meanwhile, George Balanchine had moved to the US and was appointed choreographer of The American Ballet, resident at the Metropolitan Opera in New York. Largely thanks to Balanchine, Stravinsky soon secured a commission to write a new ballet entitled <i>Jeu de cartes<\/i> (Game of Cards), which was premiered at the Met during a Stravinsky Festival in April 1937. <span class=\"&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;\">\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">The characters in this ballet are the chief cards in a poker game. According to a note in Stravinsky\u2019s published score, the joker \u2018believes himself to be invincible because of his ability to become any desired card\u2019. Yet after dealing the cards for a third time, the joker is outwitted by a royal flush \u2018putting an end to his malice and knavery\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\"><i>Jeu de cartes<\/i> is a virtuosic orchestral showpiece containing witty allusions to music by other composers, most notably Johann Strauss II, Ravel and Rossini. But beneath its almost breathlessly high-spirited character lies a more disturbing resonance that perhaps mirrors the increasingly uncertain political situation in Europe during the 1930s.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>Recommended recording<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra\/Ilan Volkov <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\"><i>Hyperion CDA 67698<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p3&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Stravinsky\u2019s three greatest American ballet scores receive lively accounts which reveal their distinctive and contrasting characters.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul><li><strong><a href=\"\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Stravinsky-BBC-Scottish-Symphony-Orchestra\/dp\/B002HESQLC\/ref=sr_1_1?tag=classicalm05c-21&amp;ascsubtag=classicalmusic-0&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;sponsored&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Buy from Amazon<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><h3 class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s3&quot;\">Circus Polka<\/span><span class=\"&quot;s4&quot;\"> <i>(1942) <\/i><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Three years after Stravinsky emigrated to the US, he received one of the strangest commissions in his entire career. Balanchine had been contracted by the Ringling Brothers and the Barnum and Bailey Circus to provide the choreography for a dancing group of elephants. He managed to persuade Stravinsky to come on board, and the composer duly obliged by creating a sparkling piece of music which, with its sudden rhythmic jolts and the outrageously grotesque quotation of Schubert\u2019s <i>Marche Militaire<\/i> near the close, delighted audiences at New York\u2019s Madison Square Garden. As the composer himself once reflected, \u2018My music is best understood by animals and children\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s3&quot;\">Sc\u00e8nes de ballet <\/span><span class=\"&quot;s4&quot;\"><i>(1944)<\/i> <\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Stravinsky described this ballet, effectively a sequence of stylised dance movements, as a \u2018featherweight and sugared period piece\u2019. It was his only contribution to Broadway \u2013 a brilliant frothy score that reinvents elements of French Romantic ballet music in the composer\u2019s own image. Stravinsky suggested that the unusually upbeat and raucous nature of the ballet\u2019s concluding movement reflected his own joyous mood at the news that the Allies had finally liberated France from Nazi occupation.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"&quot;p5&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s5&quot;\">Orpheus<\/span><span class=\"&quot;s3&quot;\"><i> (1947)<\/i><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">For many years, Balanchine had longed for Stravinsky to compose a companion piece to <i>Apollo<\/i> which would also be based on Greek mythology. This opportunity only came after the Second World War, when both men decided to create a ballet based on the legend of Orpheus.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">In line with his assertion that he visualised the character of the music as \u2018sounding like a long and sustained chant\u2019, Stravinsky produced an extremely lyrical score for <i>Orpheus<\/i> which has an austere and arcane quality that can be attributed to its Greek setting. The restrained orchestration gives a prominent role to the harp as the musical representation of Orpheus\u2019s lyre, and a plaintive oboe solo movingly conveys his loneliness and sense of melancholy. Much of the music moves at a relatively slow tempo, thereby making the sudden and surprisingly brief explosion of frenzied violence, as the Bacchante viciously tear Orpheus to pieces, sound all the more terrifying. <span class=\"&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;\">\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"&quot;p5&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s5&quot;\">Agon<\/span><span class=\"&quot;s3&quot;\"> <i>(1953-57)<\/i><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Stravinsky\u2019s capacity for self-renewal is brilliantly exemplified in the last of his Greek ballets, whose title means \u2018contest\u2019. In contrast to <i>Apollo<\/i> and <i>Orpheus<\/i>, the scenario for <i>Agon<\/i> is purely abstract. According to Balanchine, the ballet \u2018has no story except the dancing itself \u2013 a measured construction in space, demonstrated by moving bodies set to certain patterns or sequences in rhythm or melody\u2019. Effectively, what the audience sees is 12 dancers on stage engaging in a kind of competition before the gods that is animated by a sequence of 17th-century courtly French dances which \u2018explode into the 20th century\u2019.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\"><i>Agon<\/i> lies at the cusp of Stravinsky\u2019s late style. In response to the changing musical climate of the 1950s, the composer moved away from a tonally based neo-classicism, which had served him so well for nearly 30 years, to embrace his own idiosyncratic use of 12-note serialism. Yet these two musical styles manage to coexist perfectly convincingly in <i>Agon<\/i>, not only since Stravinsky planned from the outset to include both styles, but also as he dazzles the ear with his highly ingenious treatment of the orchestra in which strikingly different combinations of instruments are employed for each individual movement.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">The sheer rhythmic dynamism and compelling creative energy of <i>Agon<\/i> demonstrated conclusively that even in his seventies Stravinsky\u2019s aural imagination was as vivid as ever. It\u2019s little wonder that after its triumphant first performance by the New York City Ballet, a leading dance critic pronounced it to be \u2018quite possibly the most brilliant ballet creation of our day\u2026 its very coolness is refreshing and it generates excitement because it totally ignores human foibles, dramatic situation, and concentrates wholly on the miracle of the dancing body.\u2019\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<iframe title=\"&quot;Igor\" stravinsky:=\"\" agon=\"\" width=\"&quot;200&quot;\" height=\"&quot;150&quot;\" src=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Ud8zVcHPnuM?feature=oembed&quot;\" frameborder=\"&quot;0&quot;\" allow=\"&quot;accelerometer;\" autoplay=\"\" clipboard-write=\"\" encrypted-media=\"\" gyroscope=\"\" picture-in-picture=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/>\n<p><strong>Read our\u00a0<a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/tag\/stravinsky-reviews\/&quot;\">reviews of the latest Stravinsky recordings here<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Find out more about\u00a0<a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/tag\/stravinsky\/&quot;\">Stravinsky and his works here<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>We named Stravinsky one of the<a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/50-greatest-composers-all-time\/&quot;\">\u00a0greatest composers ever<\/a> and <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.classical-music.com\/composers\/the-best-ballet-composers-of-all-time\/&quot;\">best ballet composers of all time<\/a><\/strong><\/p><\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Erik Levi Published: Tuesday, 04 January 2022 at 12:00 am \u2018I love ballet and am more interested in it than anything else.\u2019 When Igor Stravinsky wrote these words in 1911, he was basking in the afterglow of the phenomenal success of his early ballets The Firebird and Petrushka. But this commitment to ballet remained [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":7746,"template":"","categories":[1],"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"15"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2022\/01\/stravinskys-ballets-a-guide-to-all-his-masterpieces.jpg",1200,900,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2022\/01\/stravinskys-ballets-a-guide-to-all-his-masterpieces-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2022\/01\/stravinskys-ballets-a-guide-to-all-his-masterpieces-300x225.jpg",300,225,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2022\/01\/stravinskys-ballets-a-guide-to-all-his-masterpieces-768x576.jpg",768,576,true],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2022\/01\/stravinskys-ballets-a-guide-to-all-his-masterpieces-1024x768.jpg",800,600,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2022\/01\/stravinskys-ballets-a-guide-to-all-his-masterpieces.jpg",1200,900,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/37\/2022\/01\/stravinskys-ballets-a-guide-to-all-his-masterpieces.jpg",1200,900,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"By Erik Levi Published: Tuesday, 04 January 2022 at 12:00 am \u2018I love ballet and am more interested in it than anything else.\u2019 When Igor Stravinsky wrote these words in 1911, he was basking in the afterglow of the phenomenal success of his early ballets The Firebird and Petrushka. But this commitment to ballet remained&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/7745"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7746"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7745"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcmusicmagazine\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7745"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}