{"id":20133,"date":"2022-12-05T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-12-04T23:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcsciencefocus\/?post_type=purple_issue&#038;p=20133"},"modified":"2022-12-09T11:28:01","modified_gmt":"2022-12-09T10:28:01","slug":"diy-science-at-christmas","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcsciencefocus\/2022\/12\/05\/diy-science-at-christmas\/","title":{"rendered":"DIY Science at Christmas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center\"><span style=\"color:#780c07\" class=\"has-inline-color\">DIY SCIENCE AT CHRISTMAS<\/span><\/h3>\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center sans-serif intro\">GOT TIME TO KILL AND KIDS TO KEEP QUIET OVER THE HOLIDAYS? HERE\u2019S SOME FESTIVE ACTIVITIES WITH A LITTLE LEARNING BAKED IN <\/p>\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-uagb-section uagb-section__wrap uagb-section__background-color uagb-block-c85c6847-97a3-4170-92a6-8a2261caf539\"><div class=\"uagb-section__overlay\"><\/div><div class=\"uagb-section__inner-wrap\">\n<div class=\"no-tts wp-block-image article-in-image photo\"><figure class=\"no-tts aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1241\" height=\"2047\" src=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/fbdbb145-4b92-406d-90e1-9cbadf7f071e.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"no-tts wp-image-20124\" srcset=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/fbdbb145-4b92-406d-90e1-9cbadf7f071e.jpg 1241w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/fbdbb145-4b92-406d-90e1-9cbadf7f071e-182x300.jpg 182w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/fbdbb145-4b92-406d-90e1-9cbadf7f071e-621x1024.jpg 621w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/fbdbb145-4b92-406d-90e1-9cbadf7f071e-768x1267.jpg 768w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/fbdbb145-4b92-406d-90e1-9cbadf7f071e-931x1536.jpg 931w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1241px) 100vw, 1241px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center sans-serif article-subhead\"><span style=\"color:#2c010e\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Make a Jupiter-themed wreath for your door <\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">All you need to make a Christmas wreath is some foraged materials and a little knowhow. But with a few careful choices you can give your wreath an astronomy theme by introducing some planetary colours to your festive decorations. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">As planets are (generally) round, they\u2019re the ideal subject matter for a wreath. Jupiter\u2019s colours work well for a Christmas wreath, which means you\u2019ll need to gather cream and brown materials, such as bracken, ferns, dried flowers and grasses. And of course, you\u2019ll need something red to signify the Great Red Spot \u2013 a large anticyclonic storm that\u2019s been swirling in Jupiter\u2019s atmosphere for centuries. You could use a hydrangea head, poinsettia or achillea, which you may still be able to find in your garden. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-style-large\"><p><span style=\"color:#2c010e\" class=\"has-inline-color\"><strong><em>\u201cAs planets are (generally) round, they\u2019re the ideal subject matter for a wreath\u201d <\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">If you want to give your wreath an Earth theme, look for green, blue and white foliage. Alternatively, you could use red and orange foliage if you decide to base your wreath on Mars. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">Deciding on a colour palette is a good starting point, but highlighting distinguishing features, such as the Great Red Spot on Jupiter or the rings of Saturn, is a great way to make your wreath stand out from the crowd. (You can see Jupiter, as photographed by the James Webb Space Telescope, in <a href=\"navto:\/\/index\/18\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"navto:\/\/index\/18\"><em>James Webb&#8217;s first year in space<\/em><\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">You can find plenty of construction materials outside: berried ivy, eucalyptus, ferns and hawthorn work brilliantly for wreaths, and you might also still have things in your garden that you can add. Think about the look of your wreath before foraging and there\u2019ll be no need to waste anything. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">If you\u2019re planning on using dried flowers and grasses, you\u2019ll need to allow a few weeks to let them dry, however most will dry into the wreath \u2013 so you can work with fresh materials knowing they\u2019ll dry out over time. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator has-text-color has-background is-style-wide\" style=\"background-color:#2c010e;color:#2c010e\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5><strong><span style=\"color:#2c010e\" class=\"has-inline-color\">What you\u2019ll need <\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">\u2022 Rattan base <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">\u2022 Wire<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">\u2022 Scissors<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">\u2022 Selection of cream, brown and red foliage <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">\u2022 Dried oranges <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">\u2022 Dried hydrangea heads <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">\u2022 White statice flower (or similar) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">\u2022 Something red to represent the Great Red Spot<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">\u2022 Ribbon <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"no-tts wp-block-image article-in-image photo\"><figure class=\"no-tts aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"1423\" height=\"1148\" src=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/640f2820-aff4-4ddc-82f7-8e705c115a28.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"no-tts wp-image-20125\" srcset=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/640f2820-aff4-4ddc-82f7-8e705c115a28.jpg 1423w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/640f2820-aff4-4ddc-82f7-8e705c115a28-300x242.jpg 300w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/640f2820-aff4-4ddc-82f7-8e705c115a28-1024x826.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/640f2820-aff4-4ddc-82f7-8e705c115a28-768x620.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1423px) 100vw, 1423px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5><strong><span style=\"color:#2c010e\" class=\"has-inline-color\">What to do <\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><strong>1. <\/strong>Weave the ends of the brown foliage into the rattan base, securing it with wire if necessary. Position your foliage so that it all faces the same direction and fans out slightly, to create balance and movement. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><strong>2. <\/strong>Thicken up the left-hand side by adding grasses and bracken. Try to vary the colours, to represent Jupiter\u2019s stripes. Like before, weave the ends of the foliage into the base and secure with wire if needed. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><strong>3. <\/strong>Staying on the left-hand side, attach the dried oranges. Fill in any gaps between the oranges with brown and cream foliage, so they look like they\u2019re nestled into the wreath, rather than sitting on top of it. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><strong>4. <\/strong>To represent the auroras discovered by NASA\u2019s Voyager 1 space probe in 1979, cluster some white statice flowers (any white flower or berries will do) at the top and bottom. Cutting the flower stems short enables you to poke them into the base, and have them sit facing outwards. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><strong>5. <\/strong>Finally, use the other materials to feather around the left-hand side, and into the right, to finish off the main bulk of the wreath. The last thing to do is to add the finishing touch: the Great Red Spot in the bottom-right. Tie on a ribbon and it\u2019s ready to hang and celebrate the season. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"sans-serif article-byline\">by <strong>BECKI CLARK<\/strong> (<em><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/becki_clark_\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/becki_clark_\">@becki_clark_<\/a><\/em>) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"sans-serif article-byline\">Becki is a creative designer and author <a href=\"http:\/\/beckiclark.com\">beckiclark.com<\/a> <\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-uagb-section uagb-section__wrap uagb-section__background-color uagb-block-16d07812-de17-4c42-ab38-825d8977ebc6\"><div class=\"uagb-section__overlay\"><\/div><div class=\"uagb-section__inner-wrap\">\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center sans-serif article-subhead\"><span style=\"color:#780c07\" class=\"has-inline-color\">How to make the ultimate Christmas leftovers sandwich <\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">After a typically indulgent Christmas dinner, you\u2019re usually left with a mountain of meat, stuffing, roast potatoes and the half-dozen pigs-in-blankets that not even Uncle Carl could squeeze in. Casting all this in the bin would be a profound waste and an environmental travesty: 1kg of food waste in landfill produces the equivalent of 2.5kg of carbon dioxide emissions. There\u2019s only one thing for it: all those leftovers need to be eaten! Enter the Christmas leftovers sandwich\u2026 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">You can forget the simple \u2018leftovers crammed between slices of white bread\u2019 recipe of yesterday, though. Nowadays, the \u2018Christmas sandwich\u2019 is the stuff of hipster coffee bars, delicatessens, supermarkets and corner shops alike. You can all too easily find yourself agonising over an endless choice of artisanal sandwiches, paninis and wraps loaded with prime turkey, organic sage and onion stuffing, and sickly-sweet cranberry sauce. There\u2019s even an annual Christmas sandwich festival in London, where top chefs showcase their best offerings. But in these belt-tightening times, it\u2019s reassuring to know that with a bit of food science, you too can turn what was once pauper\u2019s fare into a feast to rival the high street\u2019s finest offerings. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">The first critical decision when you\u2019re constructing the ultimate Christmas leftovers sandwich is bread. And the trick is to keep it simple. You can shun the crusty bloomers and posh brioche \u2013 the filling is the star of the show here. My previous research has found that bread should be high quality but primarily serve as a soft, neutral vehicle for what\u2019s inside. The total thickness of the bread should be about the same as that of the filling. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"no-tts wp-block-image article-in-image infographic\"><figure class=\"no-tts aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/Sandwich-107x172mm_1-637x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"no-tts wp-image-20660\" width=\"478\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/Sandwich-107x172mm_1-637x1024.png 637w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/Sandwich-107x172mm_1-187x300.png 187w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/Sandwich-107x172mm_1-768x1235.png 768w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/Sandwich-107x172mm_1-955x1536.png 955w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/Sandwich-107x172mm_1.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 478px) 100vw, 478px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">To each slice add a generous 1-2mm smearing of butter, which excites fat receptors in the mouth and enhances flavour, but also provides a waterproof layer to protect the bread from any liquid seepage and unpleasant sogginess from the filling. Butter (which is more flavourful than margarine) allows flavour compounds to better disperse throughout and release their aromas, thus boosting the sandwich\u2019s overall enjoyment factor. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">Always avoid the temptation to shoehorn as much as possible between those two slices. For maximum enjoyment, my research has shown that the total height of the sandwich should comfortably fit in the mouth, which works out at between 4.5cm and 5cm for most people\u2019s chops. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">Turkey is the centrepiece of the classic Christmas sandwich, which presents a challenge because it\u2019s perhaps the blandest meat going. Few people realise that turkeys are actually game birds, which have succulent and tasty meat \u2013 a far cry from today\u2019s oversized broiler birds that are bred for lean bulk rather than fat and flavour. A broiler turkey\u2019s unexercised muscle and absence of fat reserves creates the perception of dryness and blandness. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">As well as a goodly portion of fat (from the butter, if not the bird), a great sandwich relies on a balance of the basic tastes: sweetness, saltiness, sourness and umami. A steady hand is needed when applying the cranberry sauce \u2013 too much and it\u2019s game over. When overall sweetness of each mouthful exceeds the equivalent of a 9 per cent sugar solution, food becomes sickly and unappealing. Stuffing is a must as it adds a little sweetness but also, and more importantly, gives much needed depth \u2013 its sage and onion aromas waft up the back of the throat and into the nasal cavity, where it\u2019s experienced as a burst of herby flavour. Generally speaking, the more mouth sensations that are experienced with every bite, the more enjoyable the food is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">A good grind of pepper will give some pungent heat to titillate the mouth \u2013 the irritating chemical in black pepper, called piperine, stimulates hot-pain nerve fibres in the same way chilli does to create the illusion of heat. If you\u2019re feeling adventurous, add some leftover bacon for crunch and texture, an extra hit of saltiness and a powerful kick of umami \u2013 the savoury \u2018meaty\u2019 taste that makes soy sauce, Parmesan and cured meats so irresistible. If you don\u2019t use bacon and use unsalted butter, then season the meat with a sprinkle of salt. This amplifies all the flavours and boosts sweetness perception. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">Forget all the trendy extras like Brie, chorizo, cabbage slaw and mayo. Research shows that a sandwich\u2019s deliciousness and structural integrity plummets when you have over four fillings (3.6 being the optimum, if that were possible!). Serve with a side of salad for some freshness and much-needed healthfulness. Following the rules above, select your favourite ingredients and whatever you do, don\u2019t subject your family to the bland turkey horror that marred my youth. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">Final note: I recommend buying a heritage breed bird that has been bred to high welfare standards, if you want to discover real turkey flavour. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"sans-serif article-byline\">by <strong>DR <\/strong><strong>STUART <\/strong><strong>FARRIMOND<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">Stuart is the author of <em>The Science Of Cooking<\/em> (\u00a320, DK).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-uagb-section uagb-section__wrap uagb-section__background-color uagb-block-dfbed281-9f06-4750-9cf2-359676a4cdfb\"><div class=\"uagb-section__overlay\"><\/div><div class=\"uagb-section__inner-wrap\">\n<div class=\"no-tts wp-block-image article-in-image photo\"><figure class=\"no-tts aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" width=\"713\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/How-to-make-a-JWST-bauble-landscape-713x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"no-tts wp-image-20662\" srcset=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/How-to-make-a-JWST-bauble-landscape-713x1024.png 713w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/How-to-make-a-JWST-bauble-landscape-209x300.png 209w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/How-to-make-a-JWST-bauble-landscape-768x1103.png 768w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/How-to-make-a-JWST-bauble-landscape.png 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 713px) 100vw, 713px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center sans-serif article-subhead\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">Make a DIY bauble for your tree, inspired by the James Webb Space Telescope <\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was launched on Christmas Day 2021, so why not celebrate its one year in space with your own handmade version? You don\u2019t need much in the way of materials, and it\u2019s a fun project that won\u2019t take much time. You can make a single ornament threaded with ribbon, or string several into a chain to make a JWST garland. If you\u2019re looking for a way to spice up your bauble, how about replacing the gold card with one of the incredible photographs from the JWST itself? Head <a href=\"navto:\/\/index\/18\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"navto:\/\/index\/18\">here<\/a> for inspiration. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator has-text-color has-background has-ccp-primary-light-background-color has-ccp-primary-light-color is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">What you\u2019ll need <\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">\u2022 Templates <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">\u2022 Scissors or a craft knife <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">\u2022 Gold card <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">\u2022 Black card <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">\u2022 Metal ruler <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">\u2022 PVA glue <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">\u2022 Hole punch <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">\u2022 Grommets <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">\u2022 Ribbon <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator has-text-color has-background has-ccp-primary-light-background-color has-ccp-primary-light-color is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h5><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">What to do <\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\"><strong>1. <\/strong>First, download and print the templates from <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/JWST-bauble\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"bit.ly\/JWST-bauble\">bit.ly\/JWST-bauble<\/a>. There are three pieces that make up this JWST ornament: the front grid (A), the primary mirror (B), and the back (C). <\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>2. <\/strong>Cut out the templates for B and C using scissors or a craft knife. Use the templates to cut B from gold card, and C from black card, for the back of the bauble. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>3. <\/strong>Using a craft knife and a metal ruler, use the template to carefully cut A from black card. If you don\u2019t have a craft knife, you can use a pair of small scissors with a fine blade, like nail scissors. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>4. <\/strong>Using PVA glue, stick A onto B. Wet glue, like PVA, is ideal for gluing onto card with a texture (if you\u2019re using glitter card, for example), otherwise a glue stick is fine for smooth card.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>5. <\/strong>Glue C to the back of B to give your bauble a backing and a little extra stability. Then leave it leave to dry. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>6. <\/strong>Once the glue is dry, punch a hole in the top using a hole punch. Reinforce the hole using a grommet for added durability, if you wish. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>7. <\/strong>Finally, thread some ribbon (or similar) through the hole, and tie a knot in it to secure it on your bauble. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"sans-serif article-byline\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">by <strong>HOLLY SPANNER <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">Holly is staff writer for <em>BBC Science Focus<\/em>. <\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-uagb-section uagb-section__wrap uagb-section__background-color uagb-block-520ced71-c75a-4561-8889-503286e5d38d\"><div class=\"uagb-section__overlay\"><\/div><div class=\"uagb-section__inner-wrap\">\n<div class=\"no-tts wp-block-image article-in-image photo\"><figure class=\"no-tts aligncenter is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/37d25a02-1169-4d5c-bfb6-8ac3e2449608.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"no-tts wp-image-20128\" width=\"655\" height=\"446\" srcset=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/37d25a02-1169-4d5c-bfb6-8ac3e2449608.jpg 1309w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/37d25a02-1169-4d5c-bfb6-8ac3e2449608-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/37d25a02-1169-4d5c-bfb6-8ac3e2449608-1024x698.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/37d25a02-1169-4d5c-bfb6-8ac3e2449608-768x523.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 655px) 100vw, 655px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center sans-serif article-subhead\"><span style=\"color:#780c07\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Puzzled over presents <\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">Zak has forgotten to attach name tags to his Christmas gifts. He remembers that the silver present wasn\u2019t for his mum, and dad\u2019s present is either gold or red. The blue present belonged to either his sister or his brother. If his mum\u2019s present is red, his sister\u2019s is gold, but if his mum\u2019s is gold, his sister\u2019s is blue. Who should <span style=\"\">receive each gift?<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-uagb-section uagb-section__wrap uagb-section__background-color uagb-block-af7a79bc-8d2d-4e6f-a0ad-1335795cfccb\"><div class=\"uagb-section__overlay\"><\/div><div class=\"uagb-section__inner-wrap\">\n<div class=\"no-tts wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"no-tts aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_175420605_preview.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"no-tts wp-image-20650\" width=\"300\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_175420605_preview.png 1000w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_175420605_preview-300x281.png 300w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_175420605_preview-768x720.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center sans-serif article-subhead\"><span style=\"color:#2c010e\" class=\"has-inline-color\">Insulation calculation <\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\">Sven Svensen is nearing the final phase of his preparation for his trek across the Arctic. An important part of his preparation is to put on weight to help protect him from the cold. Starting today, and for the following 200 days, he must gradually increase the number of calories he eats by 100 every day, starting from his usual 2,540-calorie daily intake. It doesn\u2019t really matter what he eats to gain the weight, so he\u2019d prefer to do it by eating Wazoo nutrition bars, which contain 140 calories each. On how many of the days where he follows this plan will he be able to consume nothing but Wazoo bars?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif\"> For the answers to these puzzles, and for more Christmas brainteasers, visit <a href=\"http:\/\/bit.ly\/xmas_puzzles_2022\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"bit.ly\/xmas_puzzles_2022\">bit.ly\/xmas_puzzles_2022<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-uagb-section uagb-section__wrap uagb-section__background-color uagb-block-174faf7e-639e-49ae-8d3d-32344efcf0ea\"><div class=\"uagb-section__overlay\"><\/div><div class=\"uagb-section__inner-wrap\">\n<div class=\"no-tts wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"no-tts aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/Screenshot-2022-11-30-at-12.09.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"no-tts wp-image-20643\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/Screenshot-2022-11-30-at-12.09.png 900w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/Screenshot-2022-11-30-at-12.09-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/Screenshot-2022-11-30-at-12.09-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/Screenshot-2022-11-30-at-12.09-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-center sans-serif article-subhead\"><strong><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">FESTIVE COCKTAILS WITH A SPLASH OF SCIENCE <\/span><\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\">Alcohol (aka ethanol) is a deeply unpleasant, toxic substance that irritates the mouth and sends a harsh burning sensation rushing up the nose. It\u2019s a poison that needs mellowing. Hence, we have cocktails. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\">An analysis by chef and bartender extraordinaire Dave Arnold, revealed that the average alcohol concentration of the world\u2019s favourite cocktails was 15-20% ABV, sugar concentration was 5-9g\/100ml (equivalent to about four sugars in a cup of tea), and acidity was somewhere between a Honeycrisp and Granny Smith apple (equivalent to 0.7-0.9 per cent solution of citric acid). If you want to throw something together following these tried and tested ratios, mix two parts high-strength alcohol (gin, vodka, whisky, rum) to one-part sugar (or maple syrup) and one part sour (lime or lemon juice). A daiquiri, for example, can be made with two shots of rum, a shot of freshly squeezed lime juice and a shot of sugar syrup (one part sugar to one part water by weight), shaken with ice and poured. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\">Ice is key, as it dilutes and chills the drink. As ice cubes melt, they absorb heat from the surroundings \u2013 clatter your iced cocktail in a shaker for over 12 seconds and the liquid that emerges is -4\u00b0C! <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\">For flavours, we can turn to flavour-pairing theory. This is based on the principle that flavours that harmonise well (red wine\/red meat, tomato\/basil, pork\/apple) do so because they share many flavour compounds. By analysing flavour compounds in different ingredients, we can predict pleasing combinations. Applying these principles with some Christmassy twists, here are my three festive cocktail suggestions to dazzle you and your guests\u2026 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"no-tts wp-block-image article-in-image photo\"><figure class=\"no-tts aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_1282995488-877x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"no-tts wp-image-20656\" width=\"439\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_1282995488-877x1024.jpg 877w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_1282995488-257x300.jpg 257w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_1282995488-768x896.jpg 768w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_1282995488.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 439px) 100vw, 439px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"sans-serif article-subhead\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">SANTA\u2019S SNOWBALL <\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\">The most famous of Christmas cocktails, the snowball is mixture of advocaat, lemonade and lime, although it has the alcohol content of an alcopop (7% ABV), making it more of an alcoholic lemonade than a cocktail. Advocaat is an egg and brandy liqueur, invented by the Dutch. It makes for a rather sickly drink, so to knock off some of the acidity and up the alcohol content, I\u2019ve added some Cognac. Pour the advocaat and Cognac over ice in a glass of your choosing, add the lemonade and stir. Add lime juice, giving a final stir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Lemonade: <\/strong>2 measures (50ml) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Advocaat: <\/strong>2 measures (50ml) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Cognac: <\/strong>1 measure (25ml) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Fresh <\/strong><strong>lime <\/strong><strong>juice: <\/strong>one tablespoon (15ml) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Alcohol content: <\/strong>13.2% ABV <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Sugar: <\/strong>6.4g\/100ml <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Acidity: <\/strong>0.86 per cent <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator has-text-color has-background has-ccp-primary-light-background-color has-ccp-primary-light-color is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"no-tts wp-block-image article-in-image photo\"><figure class=\"no-tts aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_1416056982-877x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"no-tts wp-image-20658\" width=\"439\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_1416056982-877x1024.jpg 877w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_1416056982-257x300.jpg 257w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_1416056982-768x896.jpg 768w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_1416056982.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 439px) 100vw, 439px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"sans-serif article-subhead\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">CHOCOLATE CRACKER <\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\">If you make this cocktail, opt for chocolate-flavoured vodka (38% ABV), rather than a chocolate vodka liqueur (28% ABV), which will be sweetened. The acidity comes from lemon or lime juice, while salt increases flavour perception, as well as the sensitivity of sweetness receptors. Mix all the ingredients in a glass with four ice cubes and stir well. Strain into a glass containing a cube of ice. Garnish with coffee beans, crystallised ginger or a cinnamon stick, all of which are strong flavour pairings to chocolate. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Chocolate-flavoured vodka: <\/strong>2 generous measures (60ml) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Fresh lemon or lime juice: <\/strong>one tablespoon (15ml) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Simple sugar syrup: <\/strong>one tablespoon (15ml)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\">  <strong>Chocolate <\/strong><strong>bitters: <\/strong>two dashes <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Pinch <\/strong><strong>of <\/strong><strong>salt <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Alcohol content: <\/strong>19.2% ABV <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Sugar: <\/strong>7.4g\/100ml <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Acidity: <\/strong>0.70 per cent <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator has-text-color has-background has-ccp-primary-light-background-color has-ccp-primary-light-color is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"no-tts wp-block-image article-in-image photo\"><figure class=\"no-tts aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_1283000300-877x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"no-tts wp-image-20657\" width=\"439\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_1283000300-877x1024.jpg 877w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_1283000300-257x300.jpg 257w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_1283000300-768x896.jpg 768w, https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/12\/GettyImages_1283000300.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 439px) 100vw, 439px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"sans-serif article-subhead\"><span class=\"has-inline-color has-ccp-primary-light-color\">FESTIVE \u2018MARTINI\u2019 <\/span><\/h5>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\">The classic martini is a mix of gin (or vodka) and vermouth, typically served with an olive. The name has come to mean anything served in a martini glass, and this creation is no different. Using vodka or gin as a base, it combines the fruitiness of cranberry juice with the tang of lime, and the orange notes of Cointreau. Shake with ice and pour into martini glasses rimmed with sugar, then serve with a curl of orange peel. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Gin or vodka: <\/strong>2 measures (50ml) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Unsweetened <\/strong><strong>cranberry <\/strong><strong>juice: <\/strong>1 measure (25ml) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Cointreau <\/strong><strong>(triple <\/strong><strong>sec): <\/strong>1 measure (25ml) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Fresh <\/strong><strong>lime <\/strong><strong>juice: <\/strong>2 teaspoons (10ml) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Alcohol content: <\/strong>16.2% ABV <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Sugar: <\/strong>8.6g\/100ml <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\"><strong>Acidity: <\/strong>0.81 per cent <\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator has-text-color has-background has-ccp-primary-light-background-color has-ccp-primary-light-color is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"sans-serif article-byline has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\">by <strong>DR STUART FARRIMOND<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"article-full-body sans-serif has-ccp-primary-light-color has-text-color\">Stuart is the author of <em>The Science Of Cooking<\/em> (\u00a320, DK). <\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<p class=\"footer\">IMAGES: BECKI CLARK X2, HOLLY SPANNER, GETTY IMAGES X2, ALEX AND SONJA OVERHISER\/A COUPLE COOKS, ILLUSTRATION: SAM BREWSTER<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here&#8217;s some festive activities with a little learning baked in<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":20124,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ub_ctt_via":"","purple_page_number":"82","purple_custom_meta_purple_page_number":"82","purple_seq_number":"1","purple_custom_meta_purple_seq_number":"1","purple_source_article":"article_82-1.xml","purple_custom_meta_purple_source_article":"article_82-1.xml","purple_source_issue":"December-2022","purple_custom_meta_purple_source_issue":"December-2022","purple_external_id":"December-2022-82-1","purple_custom_meta_purple_external_id":"December-2022-82-1","purple_issue_code":"|0000089661||","purple_custom_meta_purple_issue_code":"|0000089661||","purple_android_product":"com.focus.magazine.issue385","purple_custom_meta_purple_android_product":"com.focus.magazine.issue385","purple_ios_product":"com.focus.magazine.issue385","purple_custom_meta_purple_ios_product":"com.focus.magazine.issue385","purple_web_product":"","purple_custom_meta_purple_web_product":"","purple_publication_id":"0f422ad1-c939-476d-9f82-a410052ad4c3","purple_migrated":"","kt_blocks_editor_width":"","apple_news_api_created_at":"2022-12-05T12:11:57Z","apple_news_article-theme":"","apple_news_api_id":"d8b5b78e-d83e-4259-936b-70da1da8f2fd","apple_news_api_modified_at":"2022-12-09T10:28:14Z","apple_news_api_revision":"AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABQ==","apple_news_api_share_url":"https:\/\/apple.news\/A2LW3jtg-QlmTa3DaHajy_Q","apple_news_coverimage":0,"apple_news_coverimage_caption":"","apple_news_is_hidden":false,"apple_news_is_paid":true,"apple_news_is_preview":true,"apple_news_is_sponsored":false,"apple_news_maturity_rating":"","apple_news_pullquote":"","apple_news_pullquote_position":"","apple_news_article_theme":"","apple_news_sections":"[]"},"categories":[54],"tags":[15],"apple_news_notices":[],"featured_image_src":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/fbdbb145-4b92-406d-90e1-9cbadf7f071e.jpg","author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcsciencefocus\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"13","apple_news_title":""},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/fbdbb145-4b92-406d-90e1-9cbadf7f071e.jpg",1241,2047,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/fbdbb145-4b92-406d-90e1-9cbadf7f071e-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/fbdbb145-4b92-406d-90e1-9cbadf7f071e-182x300.jpg",182,300,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/fbdbb145-4b92-406d-90e1-9cbadf7f071e-768x1267.jpg",768,1267,true],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/fbdbb145-4b92-406d-90e1-9cbadf7f071e-621x1024.jpg",621,1024,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/fbdbb145-4b92-406d-90e1-9cbadf7f071e-931x1536.jpg",931,1536,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/11\/fbdbb145-4b92-406d-90e1-9cbadf7f071e.jpg",1241,2047,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcsciencefocus\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Here's some festive activities with a little learning baked 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