In the first two series, such acceleration leads to a fully operational base on the Moon, greater opportunities for female astronauts and an incident in which the Earth is pushed to the brink of nuclear armageddon. In series three, premiering on 10 June, the show goes even further: speculating that, by the early 1990s, humankind would have moved beyond the Moon, and set its sights on Mars<\/a>.<\/p>\n But of course, embarking on a manned mission to Mars is a challenge enough for modern NASA, never mind a souped-up fictional 1990s version. \u201cOne of the big issues is distance,\u201d explains astronomer Colin Stuart<\/a>, author of books such as Mars: The Traveller\u2019s Guide<\/em>.<\/p>\n \u201cIt\u2019s a three-day trip to the Moon. And the thing is, it\u2019s always three days because the Moon\u2019s distance from the Earth is always about the same. Whereas Mars\u2019s distance from the Earth is changing all the time, because we\u2019re both going around the Sun at different speeds. Sometimes we\u2019re on the same side of the Sun as each other, sometimes we\u2019re on opposite sides. Even at its closest, it\u2019s a seven-month journey to get there, and the window of opportunity to do it in that time only comes around every 26 months.\u201d<\/p>\n This length of time, combined with such a short launch window, presents enormous challenges for any astronaut hoping to make the seven-month journey to Mars. Around halfway to Mars, communication between the ship and Earth would be delayed by 10 minutes each way.<\/p>\n \u201cIn a very fast emergency situation, 20 minutes can be the difference between life and death,\u201d says Stuart. And even then, the astronauts are completely on their own.<\/p>\n \u201cThe International Space Station is only 400 kilometres up,\u201d Stuart adds. \u201cAnd they have an empty ship there at all times so that if anything goes wrong they can escape and be back on Earth in half a day. Halfway to Mars, you haven\u2019t got that.\u201d<\/p>\n There\u2019s also the engineering issue of how to protect astronauts from radiation. \u201cThe Solar System is flooded with loads of high-energy particles,\u201d says Stuart. \u201cDown here on the ground we are protected from those things by the Earth\u2019s atmosphere and the Earth\u2019s magnetic field.<\/p>\n \u201cOnce you\u2019re in space, beyond that field, you don\u2019t have that protection; your body is exposed to these high levels of radiation. Going to the Moon and back is a week, so it\u2019s not too bad. If you\u2019re going to be in space for 500 days, you don\u2019t have the option of outrunning this radiation. Just a single trip to Mars would expose an astronaut to their entire career\u2019s allowance of radiation.\u201d<\/p>\n Possible solutions include lining the skin of the rocket with water (or frozen faeces!) as a shield; or adapting astronaut suits to give special protection to their vital organs.<\/p>\n Even if these travel issues are overcome, there is still the challenge of landing on the Red Planet. \u201cAround a third of everything that has ever tried to land on Mars has failed,\u201d says Stuart.<\/p>\n \u201cWhen things come down to the Earth, if you get the angle right, you can use the Earth\u2019s atmosphere as a brake to slow you down. The issue with Mars is that the atmosphere is so thin that you don\u2019t have that at all. So you have to slow down, otherwise you\u2019re going to crash. And that\u2019s hard enough for a rover, which is the size of a car. But you\u2019re talking about a starship which is as big as the biggest aeroplane in the world and is fully loaded with all the things a team of human astronauts need to survive. Slowing that down so that you land softly on Mars \u2013 that\u2019s the real challenge.\u201d<\/p>\n Read more about Mars:<\/strong><\/p>\n The landing is so perilous that it\u2019s often referred to as the seven minutes of terror<\/a>, a reference to how long it typically takes to land a rover on Mars. And the aforementioned delay in communication only adds to the fear.<\/p>\n \u201cOnce you\u2019re at Mars, the delays are more like 20 minutes each way,\u201d says Stuart. \u201cWhen mission control on Earth get the signal that you hit the top of the Martian atmosphere, that\u2019s it. When communication is re-established you\u2019re either alive on the ground or dead on the ground.\u201d<\/p>\n If the astronauts of For All Mankind<\/em> hope to establish a base on Mars, as they did on the Moon, then that also presents a whole new range of problems.<\/p>\n \u201cThe first thing you\u2019ve got to deal with is you must respect your outside,\u201d says Stuart. \u201cYou must wear a spacesuit at all times. The air on Mars is so thin that the boiling point of water is about 35\u00b0C. Your body temperature is 37\u00b0C. In other words, your blood will start to boil in your veins.\u201d<\/p>\n For short-term visits, astronauts could only stay for around 30 days (because of the short window of time Mars is nearest to the Earth); longer term, astronauts would need to establish shelter from radiation (Stuart suggests that the lava tube network of regions such as Noctis Labyrinthus could provide protection).<\/p>\n Food and supplies, meanwhile, would require future planning. \u201cInitially, you would need to send your food and rocket fuel for your return journey in advance. Long-term, you could talk about growing things on Mars<\/a>,\u201d says Stuart. \u201cOxygen-wise, the good news is there\u2019s plenty of water on Mars. Although it\u2019s not liquid, it\u2019s frozen as ice.\u201d<\/p>\n The bad news, however, is that converting this water into oxygen could be complicated due to Mars\u2019s ferocious dust storms. \u201cIf you\u2019ve got solar panels on the surface of Mars and these solar panels are completely coated in dust, and there\u2019s so much dust in the sky that it\u2019s blocking out the Sun, then you\u2019re in serious trouble if you\u2019re running your oxygen supply by using the electricity from solar panels to extract oxygen from water. These dust storms can last for months at a time. It can get dark and dingy on Mars.\u201d<\/p>\n Yet even if the astronauts survive the journey, the landing and overcome all of Mars\u2019s attempts to kill them, they must also contend with intense psychological difficulties. \u201cNo human in history will ever have been as isolated as those travellers,\u201d says Stuart. \u201cEven on the Moon, you can still see the Earth. It\u2019s reassuringly there. Halfway to Mars, it is just a speck in the distance.\u201d<\/p>\n Between 2007 and 2017, an experiment called MARS-500 sought to simulate the psychological conditions of travelling to Mars by locking up crews of astronauts together for 520 days. The crews weathered it relatively well, although some did suffer from sleep and psychological issues on their return journey.<\/p>\n Plus, as Stuart points out, such an experiment is no match for the reality. \u201cYou must have known you\u2019re actually in Moscow,\u201d he says. \u201cIf you had a heart attack, someone\u2019s going to come in and save you.\u201d Whereas on Mars, there would be nothing but loneliness and dust.<\/p>\n Colin is an award-winning astronomy writer and speaker.\u00a0<\/p>\n Read more from Popcorn Science:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p><\/div> <\/section><\/body><\/html>\n By Stephen Kelly Published: Tuesday, 14 June 2022 at 12:00 am The AppleTV+ show For All Mankind envisions an alternative history where, instead of America landing on the Moon in 1969, the Russians got there first. This, the show posits, would have led to a fierce acceleration of the Apollo space programme, with a humiliated […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":14151,"template":"","categories":[58],"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"7"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/06\/for-all-mankind-whats-stopping-us-from-going-to-mars.jpg",1200,595,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/06\/for-all-mankind-whats-stopping-us-from-going-to-mars-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/06\/for-all-mankind-whats-stopping-us-from-going-to-mars-300x149.jpg",300,149,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/06\/for-all-mankind-whats-stopping-us-from-going-to-mars-768x381.jpg",768,381,true],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/06\/for-all-mankind-whats-stopping-us-from-going-to-mars-1024x508.jpg",800,397,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/06\/for-all-mankind-whats-stopping-us-from-going-to-mars.jpg",1200,595,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/42\/2022\/06\/for-all-mankind-whats-stopping-us-from-going-to-mars.jpg",1200,595,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcsciencefocus\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"By Stephen Kelly Published: Tuesday, 14 June 2022 at 12:00 am The AppleTV+ show For All Mankind envisions an alternative history where, instead of America landing on the Moon in 1969, the Russians got there first. This, the show posits, would have led to a fierce acceleration of the Apollo space programme, with a humiliated…","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcsciencefocus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/14150"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcsciencefocus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcsciencefocus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcsciencefocus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcsciencefocus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14151"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcsciencefocus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14150"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcsciencefocus\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14150"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"""\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/Mars-landscape-47a0c5d.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C464"\" "\\"\"\"\\"\/")
<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>![\"""\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/4\/2022\/06\/spaceship-for-all-mankind-dc881c4.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C309"\" "\\"\"\"\\"\/")
<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>About our expert, Colin Stuart<\/h4>\n
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