{"id":38276,"date":"2024-01-07T09:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-01-07T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/903acda8-28bf-4baa-b266-2a674ab8fa04"},"modified":"2024-01-07T10:46:16","modified_gmt":"2024-01-07T09:46:16","slug":"how-the-right-amount-of-caffeine-unlocks-lifelong-benefits-for-your-body-and-mind","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcsciencefocus\/rss_feed\/how-the-right-amount-of-caffeine-unlocks-lifelong-benefits-for-your-body-and-mind\/","title":{"rendered":"How the right amount of caffeine unlocks lifelong benefits for your body and mind"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"rssexcerpt\">For many, caffeine is considered a guilty pleasure. But there is growing evidence that our daily fix isn&#8217;t necessarily a bad thing. In fact, it might actually be doing us some good. <\/p><p class=\"rssauthor\">By Andy Ridgway\n      <\/p><p class=\"rssbyline\">Published: Sunday, 07 January 2024 at 08:00 AM<\/p><hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body><p>Caffeine has been getting a bad rap recently. Whether it\u2019s highly caffeinated energy drinks making it difficult for kids to concentrate in class, or too many teas and coffees during the day leaving us unable to sleep at night, caffeine, in many people\u2019s eyes, is a cause for alarm.<\/p><p>As such, the general advice regarding caffeine consumption increasingly seems to be to cut back on it or cut it out altogether. But it\u2019s not as if caffeine is entirely without merit. There\u2019s no denying it\u2019s a psychoactive substance. Or, to put it more bluntly, caffeine is a drug (the world\u2019s most widely consumed drug, in fact \u2013 chances are, you\u2019re under its influence right now).<\/p><p>But, like many drugs, in the right dose, it has benefits. It was the clarity and energy that doses of caffeine provided (distributed via the tea and coffee houses of Europe) that helped usher in the Enlightenment and make the switch from farms to factories during the Industrial Revolution.<\/p><p>But dosage is the key variable. And although coffee and tea have been providing us with a tasty pick-me-up for centuries, nowadays more of us are consuming caffeine in much higher concentrations due to the boom in energy drinks and tablets.<\/p><p>This has prompted a rise in research into caffeine, as scientists work to better understand its effects on us and the mechanisms by which it produces them. So what are we learning from all this research? For one thing, just how differently each of us processes and reacts to caffeine.<\/p><p>But perhaps more importantly, it\u2019s providing evidence that as well as perking us up in the morning, a few cups of coffee or tea each day might also help us stave off illnesses, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/news\/diabetes-epidemic-uk-fight\">diabetes<\/a> and certain forms of cancer. So does caffeine really deserve its bad reputation?<\/p><hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/><div style=\"position:relative;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:56.25%\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jwplayer.com\/players\/kGmNqMgx-u4ds8HGK.html\" width=\"100%\" height=\"100%\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"auto\" title=\"Human Body Dynamic Playlist\" style=\"position:absolute;\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/><h2 id=\"h-the-dose-makes-the-poison\">The dose makes the poison<\/h2><p>Anyone who consumes caffeine every day knows the importance of dosage: how much to take and when to take it. Get the dose right, and caffeine can lift your mood and make you more alert; overdo it and you risk anxiety, tremors and disrupted sleep.<\/p><p>Both the US Food and Drug Administration and the European Food Safety Authority say that a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/consumers\/consumer-updates\/spilling-beans-how-much-caffeine-too-much\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">daily caffeine intake of 400mg<\/a> (about two to three mugs of filter coffee, depending on the size of the mug) won\u2019t cause problems for healthy adults.<\/p><p>As for when to take caffeine \u2013 or rather, when to stop taking it in order to prevent it from affecting your sleep, that depends on how you administer it. <\/p><p>Researchers in Australia and the UK published a study in the journal <em>Sleep Medicine Reviews<\/em> earlier this year that tried to give clear guidance on when your last \u2018dose\u2019 of caffeine should be. <a href=\"https:\/\/workinmind.org\/2022\/09\/28\/workplace-survey-of-8000-uk-workers-finds-74-of-adults-report-bad-sleep-quality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">According to their report<\/a>, you should drink your last tea or coffee 8 hours and 48 minutes before you go to bed. <\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Caffeine\u2019s effects enable us to shake off our natural circadian rhythms, if we need to be awake and alert when we\u2019d normally be asleep. &#8211; Photo credit: Getty<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>If, however, you use a pre-workout caffeine supplement, which typically has double the caffeine of a cup of coffee, that should be taken no later than 13 hours 12 minutes before bedtime.<\/p><p>The problem with giving definitive directions on how much caffeine is okay and when to stop consuming it, however, is that some of us are more sensitive to it than others.<\/p><p>How long it hangs around inside our bodies varies, too \u2013 caffeine has a half-life (the time required for a substance to lose half of its initial effectiveness) of 3-7 hours in adults. The reason for this is genetic. But to understand it, you first need to know what caffeine does inside your body.<\/p><h2 id=\"h-caffeine-and-your-genes\">Caffeine and your genes<\/h2><p>During the day, a molecule called adenosine builds up in your <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/the-human-body\/human-brain\">brain<\/a>. Adenosine binds with receptors on nerve cells, or neurons, slowing down their activity and making you feel drowsy.<\/p><p>But caffeine is also able to bind with these receptors, and by doing so it blocks adenosine\u2019s effect, making your neurons fire more and keeping you alert. Caffeine also activates the pituitary gland at the base of your brain.<\/p><p>This releases <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/the-human-body\/hormones\">hormones<\/a> that tell the adrenal glands on your kidneys to produce adrenaline, causing your heart to beat faster and your blood pressure to rise. If, however, your daily caffeine intake is consistent, your brain will adapt to it.<\/p><p>\u201cYour brain is like, \u2018Okay, every morning I\u2019m getting this caffeine that\u2019s binding to these receptors and blocking adenosine from binding to them\u2019. And so [your brain] creates extra receptors to give adenosine more of an opportunity to bind with them and have its usual effect,\u201d says <a href=\"https:\/\/publichealth.buffalo.edu\/exercise-and-nutrition-sciences\/faculty-and-staff\/faculty-directory\/jltemple.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Prof Jennifer Temple<\/a>, whose lab at University at Buffalo in New York, carries out research on the effects of caffeine.<\/p><p>\u201cAnd more adenosine is also produced to counteract the caffeine. That\u2019s why it takes more and more caffeine to have the same effect.\u201d <\/p><p>These adaptations take place rapidly \u2013 within as little as a week. Part of the differences in how we respond to caffeine is down to the extent to which each of our bodies have adapted to it.<\/p><p>But then there\u2019s also the effect of our genes. Caffeine is mainly broken down, or metabolised, by the CYP1A2 enzyme in the liver, and the gene that codes for that enzyme has been found to vary a lot between people.<\/p><p><strong>Read more:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/the-human-body\/how-long-does-caffeine-take-to-kick-in\">How long does caffeine take to kick in?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/the-human-body\/why-does-coffee-make-me-need-a-poo\">Why does coffee make me need a poo?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Research shows that, for the most part, it\u2019s the version of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4242593\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CYP1A2 gene you have that determines how quickly you can metabolise caffeine<\/a> and therefore how long it hangs around in your body. Fast metabolisers are able to clear caffeine quickly, so the effect of an espresso wears off faster for them.<\/p><p>The adenosine receptors in the brain also vary a lot depending on a person\u2019s genetic makeup. And there are also some variants of the ADORA2A gene, which encodes one type of adenosine receptor, that make people particularly sensitive to caffeine. It\u2019s also our genes that influence how much caffeinated coffee and tea we drink each day.<\/p><p>\u201cCoffee is naturally a bitter substance and so it\u2019s interesting how such a bitter beverage has become so popular,\u201d says <a href=\"https:\/\/www.feinberg.northwestern.edu\/faculty-profiles\/az\/profile.html?xid=31723\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marilyn Cornelis<\/a>, Associate Professor of Preventive Medicine at Northwestern University in Illinois who researches the links between genes and caffeine.<\/p><p>\u201cBased on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/nature\/evolution\">evolution<\/a>, we should naturally avoid bitter foods \u2013 it\u2019s a protective effect your body has to avoid poisonous things.\u201d It\u2019s therefore logical to assume that people who are less sensitive to bitter tastes will be the ones who drink more coffee. But that\u2019s not the case.<\/p><p>A study led by Cornelis and published in <em>Scientific Reports<\/em> shows that <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/16522833\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the version of the CYP1A2 gene we have influences how much coffee we drink<\/a> to a much greater extent than our sensitivity to bitter tastes.<\/p><p>People with the version of CYP1A2 that makes them fast metabolisers drink more coffee. And tests show fast caffeine metabolisers have lower caffeine levels in their blood.<\/p><p>\u201cIt suggests that they\u2019re metabolising caffeine so quickly, [that] they\u2019re consuming more coffee to get the stimulant effects we equate with caffeine,\u201d says Cornelis. <\/p><p>But whether you\u2019re a fast caffeine metaboliser or not, chances are you\u2019re pretty good at moderating your caffeine intake.<\/p><p>\u201cThe data suggests that, whether they\u2019re conscious of doing it or not, people do a really good job of adjusting their caffeine intake to hit their sweet spot,\u201d says Temple. \u201cBecause when they go over it, the effects are unpleasant and there\u2019s a memory of that, so they go back to their sweet spot.\u201d<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/41\/2024\/01\/energy-drink-1024x683.jpg?fit=800%2C534\" alt=\"Teenager drinking an energy drink.\" class=\"wp-image-179450\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Caffeinated energy drinks are enormously popular, but the amounts of caffeine, as well as the blend of other ingredients they contain, can vary a lot between brands. &#8211; Photo credit: Getty<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>That perfect balance of caffeine intake is potentially harder to gauge with caffeinated energy drinks, though. Studies show that the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/the-human-body\/how-long-do-energy-drinks-last\">top-selling caffeinated energy drinks<\/a> in the UK and US contain 75-160mg of caffeine.<\/p><p>But research published in <em>Drug and Alcohol Dependence <\/em>reported that some contain <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3062360\/\">as much as 500mg of caffeine<\/a>. By comparison, a 240ml mug of filter coffee contains about 190mg. The varied caffeine levels in different energy drinks can make judging your caffeine intake tricky.<\/p><p>But the complicating factors don\u2019t end there. \u201cEnergy drinks contain other ingredients that interact with the caffeine in a way that we\u2019re still trying to understand because we don\u2019t know what they are,\u201d explains Temple.<\/p><p>\u201cAll these blends are proprietary so we don\u2019t know the exact formulation. But people respond differently. [So] we\u2019re studying the effects of energy drinks in the same way we\u2019ve been studying coffee and caffeine systematically,\u201d she says.<\/p><p><strong>Read more:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/the-human-body\/why-do-i-feel-wiped-out-after-too-much-caffeine\">Why do I feel wiped out after too much caffeine?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/the-human-body\/in-praise-of-caffeine-the-worlds-most-widely-consumed-psychoactive-drug\">In praise of caffeine, the world\u2019s most widely consumed psychoactive drug<\/a><\/li><\/ul><h2 id=\"h-the-benefits-of-caffeine\">The benefits of caffeine<\/h2><p>While the formulations of caffeinated energy drinks, and the effects they have on us has prompted a lot of recent research, there\u2019s also a growing interest in caffeine\u2019s beneficial effects. For example, caffeine is increasingly being used as a legal performance-enhancing drug in competitive sports. A review of research into caffeine and athletic performance by the <em>International Society of Sports Nutrition<\/em> in 2022 said <a href=\"https:\/\/jissn.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12970-020-00383-4#:~:text=This meta-analysis found that,size of 0.22 \u00b1 0.15.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">caffeine has a \u2018small to moderate effect\u2019<\/a> on muscular endurance and strength.<\/p><p>Its biggest effects on performance are seen in endurance sports, though. It\u2019s thought that at least some of this performance boost is likely down to caffeine aiding muscle contraction by changing levels of calcium, sodium and potassium, as well as acting as a painkiller.<\/p><p>There has also been a raft of studies attempting to determine how caffeine boosts our cognitive abilities. They\u2019ve found that a moderate dose, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK209050\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">up to 300mg, helps us stay focused for longer<\/a>. Some research also shows that in the long term, caffeine can boost our memory, but here the <a href=\"https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/20182026\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">evidence is somewhat mixed.<\/a><\/p><p>When it comes to determining the long-term health benefits of caffeine, things get complicated as most of the research has been carried out with coffee, which contains a cocktail of bioactive ingredients. Deciphering whether it\u2019s caffeine or one of the many other components of coffee that brings about a health benefit, is difficult. <\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/41\/2024\/01\/coffee-crystals-1024x796.jpg?fit=800%2C622\" alt=\"Caffeine crystals under a microscope.\" class=\"wp-image-179449\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">This polarised light micrograph image reveals the crystalline structure of caffeine. &#8211; Source: Science Photo Library<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>There\u2019s good news for coffee drinkers, though. A review published in <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10262944\/#:~:text=These%20results%20were%20supported%20by,HR%200.85%2C%2095%25%20CI%200.63\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The New England Journal of Medicine<\/a><\/em> in 2020 reports that your regular coffee fix reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, liver disease and certain forms of cancer, such as liver cancer.<\/p><p>For some conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, research shows it\u2019s not the caffeine but some other component of coffee that helps to prevent them \u2013 as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/science\/how-is-caffeine-removed-from-decaf-coffee\">decaf coffee<\/a> reduces the risk just like caffeinated coffee.<\/p><p>\u201cBut interestingly, if you look at other conditions, such as Parkinson\u2019s disease, it seems to be completely the caffeine,\u201d says <a href=\"https:\/\/publichealth.gwu.edu\/departments\/exercise-and-nutrition-sciences\/rob-van-dam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Rob van Dam<\/a>, Professor of Exercise, Nutrition Sciences and Epidemiology at The George Washington University in Washington DC, who led the review.<\/p><p>\u201cThen there are some that sit in the middle, like liver cancer \u2013 it seems that caffeine may have some benefit, but there might be additional gain from some other components of coffee.\u201d<\/p><p>In the future, scientists will discover more about how our genes determine the effects caffeine and coffee have on us. And the more we learn, the closer we\u2019ll get to the prospect of personalised guidance for daily caffeine intake.<\/p><p>\u201cMost of the guidelines for caffeine have really been just looking at the population level,\u201d says Cornelis. \u201cThey don\u2019t account for the individual variation and we\u2019re at a stage in research where there are opportunities for personalised nutrition.\u201d<\/p><p>It means that one day a genetic test could tell you precisely what the \u2018sweet spot\u2019 for your daily caffeine intake is. And that day might not be as far off as you think. \u201cWhen I first started this genetic research during my PhD around 2001, I couldn\u2019t imagine a day where every individual would be able to access their full genome. Well, it\u2019s 2023 and we\u2019re at that point where people are knowledgeable about their genetics and have paid these companies to get access to them. I\u2019ve had people email me and say, \u2018Hey, I just got my genotype back and I read your paper and it looks like I\u2019m a rapid caffeine metaboliser.\u2019\u201d<\/p><hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/><h2><strong>About our experts<\/strong><\/h2><p><strong>Prof Jennifer Temple<\/strong> is director of the Nutrition and Health Research Laboratory at the University of Buffalo. Here she studies how caffeine impacts humans \u2013 particularly adolescents. Her research has been published in journals including <em>Physiology and Behavior, Nutrition Research<\/em>, and <em>Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews<\/em>.<\/p><p><strong>Dr Marilyn Cornelis<\/strong> is Associate Professor of Preventive Medicine at Northwestern University, where she studies the link between caffeine and genes. Her work has been published in journals including <em>Nature<\/em> and <em>Nutrients<\/em>.<\/p><p><strong>Prof Rob van Dam <\/strong>studies the role of diet in preventing disease at the Milken Institute School of Public Health. His work has been published in the\u00a0<em>Lancet<\/em>,\u00a0<em>JAMA<\/em>,\u00a0<em>BMJ<\/em>,\u00a0<em>Annals of Intern Medicine<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>Circulation<\/em>.<\/p><p><strong>Read more:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/news\/scientists-discover-one-simple-trick-to-drastically-improve-your-home-coffee\">Scientists discover one simple trick to drastically improve your home coffee<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/science\/how-to-make-better-coffee\">The 5 laws of making better home coffee, according to science<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefocus.com\/science\/are-we-really-running-out-of-coffee\">Are we really running out of coffee?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p\/> <\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>For many, caffeine is considered a guilty pleasure. But there is growing evidence that our daily fix isn&#8217;t necessarily a bad thing. 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But there is growing evidence that our daily fix isn't necessarily a bad thing. 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