Carly Howett will field Solar System questions in September’s episode of The Sky at Night, but she will answer her own when Lucy takes flight
On 16 October 2021 the launch window for NASA’s Lucy mission opens. It will study Jupiter’s poorly understood Trojan asteroids. These space rocks are remnants of the Solar System’s formation, and will provide astronomers with a valuable insight into how our planetary system formed – like archaeologists piecing together the lives of the ancients. Space missions show little regard for sleep schedules, however, so the launch window opens at 5:34am and lasts about an hour. If the spacecraft is unable to launch in that window (for example if the weather is bad) then we will be back bright and early the next day, and the next, until it launches.
The Trojan asteroids share an orbit with Jupiter, orbiting the Sun either ahead of or behind the gas giant, in regions known as Lagrangian points. Here, the gravitational pull of Jupiter and the Sun equals the centrifugal force felt by small bodies in orbit – so they can remain in place for billions of years. Most of Jupiter’s Trojans are located at its L4 Lagrangian point, which moves ahead of Jupiter in its orbit, so that’s where Lucy is headed first. It will make flybys of four different asteroids between August 2027 and November 2028 studying their surface composition, geology and interiors. Then Lucy is headed to the L5 point trailing behind Jupiter, where it will arrive five years later to study a binary Trojan asteroid.
Little is known about the Trojan asteroids because they are dark, small and far from Earth – making them very difficult to observe. In fact it was only recently discovered that one of the first asteroids to be encountered by Lucy, Eurybates, has a moon!
Yet how and where these asteroids formed is an intriguing question, since it provides an important clue to how our entire Solar System formed. One idea is that the Trojans formed at the same time and close to the same location as Jupiter, eventually becoming captured by Jupiter’s enormous gravity.
This implies that their composition is similar to Jupiter’s early in its formation (its runaway growth and gas accumulation coming later). The second hypothesis is that the Trojans formed much further out from the Sun – in the Kuiper Belt beyond Neptune – and were scattered into the inner Solar System when a big reshuffle of the large outer Solar System planets occurred. In this scenario the change in gravity caused by the reshuffle kicked the Trojans inwards, where Jupiter captured them.
Even though the first scenario seems more plausible it is deemed less likely, as it cannot explain aspects of the Trojan population that the second one can – for example why some of the Trojans have such large tilts in their orbits.
Lucy will help settle this dispute, by enabling the composition of the asteroids to be determined at high spatial resolutions. For example, if the asteroids are shown to have compositions similar to Jupiter’s moons then this implies that they formed close to Jupiter. However, if the asteroid composition is more similar to the Kuiper Belt objects seen by New Horizons (Pluto, Charon and Arrokoth), that implies they formed far from the Sun, and a cosmic reshuffle early in our Solar System formation did take place. Either way, the results promise to be fascinating.
Looking back: The Sky at Night
11 October 1922
On 11 October 1992 episode of The Sky at Night, Patrick Moore was joined by David Allen, acting director of the Anglo- Australian Telescope (ATT) at the Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. Allen had been using the telescope to study the atmosphere of Venus, complementing the observations of the Magellan spacecraft, which was in orbit around the planet at the time.
That October, the ATT was conducting a new set of observations, using its spectrograph to map out the planet at several infrared wavelengths, revealing details about the planet’s structure and thermal profile. The spectrograph used a slit to single out a specific wavelength, however, meaning it could only image one point in the sky at a time and had to laboriously scan across the surface.
While most of the infrared light hitting Venus is absorbed by the upper atmosphere, Allen’s work revealed that there were ‘infrared windows’, where the atmosphere was transparent to a specific wavelength. These play an important part in how the planet regulates its temperature. Earth has several similar windows, and so by studying the difference between the two planets, planetary scientists are able to begin understanding why Earth maintains its temperate, life-sustaining temperature while Venus has turned into a global hot house.
The Forgotten Solar System
Jupiter, Saturn, Mars and Mercury have been explored by numerous spacecraft, but Neptune and Uranus have only been glimpsed once, by Voyager 2. Are the ice giants worthy of further investigation? Maggie and Chris find out what missions to the outer Solar System might discover, and the window of opportunity that could see a spacecraft arrive in 2043.
BBC Four, 10 October, 10pm (first repeat BBC Four, 14 October, 7:30pm)
Check www.bbc.co.uk/skyatnight for more up-to-date information
