- 6 women who changed astronomy and spaceflight<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/li>\n
- 5 women astronomers with Moon craters named after them<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>
![\""Sullivan\"]( "\\"\"Sullivan\\"")
<\/div>NASA astronauts Kathy Sullivan (left) and Sally Ride (right), synching watches before the launch of Shuttle mission STS-41G on 5 October 1984. The mission was the first flight to carry two women into space. Credit: NASA<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n Of the few women that did made it through the trials of selection and training, many were subjected to sexist scrutiny and questioning that none of their male colleagues endured.<\/p>\n
Now women in their dozens may have broken through Earth\u2019s atmosphere, but the glass ceiling is another matter.<\/p>\n
It wasn\u2019t until 2013 that a NASA Astronaut Class was equally split between men and women, and it was only in 2021 that NASA decided to adopt radiation exposure limits that would no longer limit female astronauts\u2019 time in space<\/a>.<\/p>\n
![\""NASA's\"]( "\\"\"NASA's\\"")
<\/div>NASA\u2019s Astronaut candidate class of 2013: Nick Hague, Andrew Morgan, Jessica Meir, Christina Koch, Nicole Aunapu Mann, Josh Cassada, Anne McClain and Victor Glover. Credit: NASA<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n In 2019 there was outrage when it emerged that the first ever all-female spacewalk had to be cancelled<\/a> when there wasn\u2019t a small enough suit on the International Space Station<\/a> for astronaut Anne McClain.<\/p>\n
Only large and extra-large suits had been packed, so she missed her chance to make history (Jessica Meir took her place when the walk went ahead 7 months later).<\/p>\n
In July 2021, Wally Funk<\/a> made history as the oldest person to travel into space (beating John Glenn<\/a>\u2018s record), finally achieving her goal after having been one of the Mercury 13 group of female pilots who trained for spaceflight but were never called up for duty (unlike the Mercury 7 astronauts<\/a>).<\/p>\n
![\""Wall\"]( "\\"\"Wall\\"")
<\/div>Wall Funk (right) pictured with Jeff Bezos following their successful flight in Blue Origin\u2019s New Shepard crew capsule, 20 July 2021. Credit: Blue Origin \/ Handout. Photo by Blue Origin\/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n There are signs of progress. NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine hypothesised in 2019 that the first person on Mars could be a woman, and the Artemis Program, which plans to return humans to the lunar surface, boasts equal male\/female representation in its 18-strong crew. It could well be that the next person on the Moon is female.<\/p>\n
Let\u2019s take a look at some of the ground-breakers: some of the extraordinary women astronauts who set their sights on space:
<\/p>1<\/span>Valentina Tereshkova<\/h3>\n<\/div>
\u00a0<\/p>\n
![\""Valentina\"]( "\\"\"Valentina\\"")
<\/div>Valentina Tereshkova prepares for her famous Vostok 6 flight, during which she would become the first woman in space, 16 June 1963. Credit: Sovfoto\/Universal Images Group via Getty Images<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n
The word \u2018trailblazer\u2019 could have been invented for Valentina Tereshkova (born 1937), a woman whose list of firsts is formidable: f<\/strong>irst woman in space, youngest woman in space, first civilian in space <\/strong>and the only woman to fly solo in space.<\/strong><\/p>\n
Valentina was selected from a cohort of civilian women rapidly trained for space by a USSR ever wary of falling behind in the Space Race<\/a>. She was just 26 years old when she launched solo on 16 June 1963 aboard the spacecraft\u00a0Vostok 6<\/em>.<\/p>\n
Talking to the BBC about her 48-orbit flight, she said: \u201cIt made me happy for womankind. It proved that they could be equal with men, not only on Earth but in space as well.\u201d<\/p>\n
She\u2019s continued to blaze a trail in science and politics, but spaceflight remains her dream: \u201cI would enjoy flying to Mars,\u201d she told a reporter in 2007. \u201cI\u2019m ready to fly, without coming back.\u201d
<\/p>2<\/span>Svetlana Savitskaya<\/h3>\n<\/div>
\u00a0<\/p>\n
![\""Svetlana\"]( "\\"\"Svetlana\\"")
<\/div>Svetlana Savitskaya during the EVA that made her the first woman to spacewalk. Credit: Roger Ressmeyer\/CORBIS\/VCG via Getty Images<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n It would be 19 years before a second woman would travel to space. Svetlana Savitskaya<\/strong> (born 1948) launched aboard the Soyuz<\/a> T-7\u00a0mission in August 1982 to the Russian Salyut 7 space station, returning to Earth seven days later.<\/p>\n
Her return to the space station in July 1984 made her the first woman to fly to space twice<\/strong> and the first woman to spacewalk<\/strong>, when she cut metal and welded sections of the Salyut 7 on a 3.5-hour EVA \u2013 pointedly trumping American Kathy Sullivan<\/a>\u2019s EVA later that year.<\/p>\n
A daredevil from a young age, Svetlana had already completed 450 parachute jumps at the age of 17. She later trained as a test pilot and was part of an all-women world champion aerobatic flight squad before becoming a cosmonaut in 1980.<\/p>\n
Despite her eminent qualifications, she reported that, upon entering Salyut 7 for the first time, she was presented with an apron and told to \u201cget to work\u201d by fellow cosmonaut Valentin Lebedev.
<\/p>3<\/span>Sally Ride<\/h3>\n<\/div>
\u00a0<\/p>\n
![\""NASA\"]( "\\"\"Sally\\"")
<\/div>STS-7 Mission Specialist, NASA astronaut Sally Ride. Credit: NASA<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n Lagging some way behind the Russians, the first American woman in space<\/strong> wasn\u2019t until June 1983, when 32-year-old Californian physicist Sally Ride (1951\u20132012) flew aboard NASA\u2019s Space Shuttle STS-7, operating the robotic arm used to deploy commercial satellites.<\/p>\n
She and five other women were, in 1978, in NASA\u2019s first Astronaut Class to accept women.<\/p>\n
Ride recalled that older men astronauts were unsure how to act around female crew and that NASA engineers had to check whether 100 tampons would be enough for her 1-week flight.<\/p>\n
Prior to take-off, she\u2019d endured questions from the press about whether she planned to have children and whether she\u2019d wear make-up in space. On The Tonight Show<\/em>, Johnny Carson joked that she\u2019d hold up the Space Shuttle<\/a>\u2019s departure because she\u2019d be looking for a purse to match her shoes.<\/p>\n
She was the only person to serve on the investigative panels for both the Challenger and the Columbia Shuttle disasters. She was also the gay woman in space<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
After a second shuttle flight in 1984, Ride left NASA and dedicated much of her energies to increasing women and girls\u2019 interest in science, technology, engineering and maths.
<\/p>4<\/span>Mae Jemison<\/h3>\n<\/div>
\u00a0<\/p>\n
![\""NASA\"]( "\\"\"NASA\\"")
<\/div>NASA astronaut Mae Jemison onboard Space Shuttle Endeavour in September 1992. Image Credit: NASA<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n One of the people Sally Ride inspired was Mae Jemison. An accomplished engineer and doctor, Jemison (born 1956) was chosen for NASA\u2019s astronaut programme in 1987.<\/p>\n
In 1992 she orbited the Earth on Space Shuttle Endeavour\u2019s STS-47 mission for eight days, becoming the first black woman in space<\/strong>. There she conducted a range of scientific experiments on motion sickness, frog fertility and bone cells.<\/p>\n
Jemison was one of a crop of female astronauts to cite actress Nichelle Nichols \u2013 Star Trek\u2019s Lieutenant Uhura \u2013 as inspiring her dreams of going into space. Indeed Jemison went on to appear in an episode of Star Trek in 1993.
<\/p>5<\/span>Susan Helms<\/h3>\n<\/div>
\u00a0<\/p>\n
![\""Expedition\"]( "\\"\"Expedition\\"")
<\/div>Expedition Two flight engineer Susan Helms pictured in the Destiny Laboratory of the International Space Station, 18 May 2001. Credit: NASA<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n A highly decorated air force officer, Helms (born 1958) was the first woman from a military background<\/strong> to go into space, women initially being barred from being military test pilots, the most established route to becoming an astronaut.<\/p>\n
An assistant professor of aeronautics, Helms was selected by NASA in 1990 and made five spaceflights between 1993 and 2001.<\/p>\n
As part of the International Space Station\u2019s second expedition crew, from March to August 2001, Helms was the f<\/strong>irst woman on the ISS<\/strong> and shares the record (with NASA\u2019s Jim Voss) for the longest single spacewalk<\/strong>, totalling 8 hours 56 minutes.
<\/p>6<\/span>Peggy Whitson<\/h3>\n<\/div>
\u00a0<\/p>\n
![\""NASA\"]( "\\"\"Peggy\\"")
<\/div>NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson pictured in the Cupola section of the International Space Station. Credit: NASA<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n Biochemist Whitson\u00a0<\/strong>(born 1960) is unstoppable. Not only was she the first female commander of the ISS<\/strong> (Expedition 16, 2007; she would command again on Expedition 51, 2017) but she\u2019s also the woman who\u2019s spent the longest total time in space<\/strong>, with a total of 665 days (the US record).<\/p>\n
She survived a violent landing aboard Soyuz TMA-11 in April 2008 when a failed module separation sent the capsule into a spin, missing its touchdown target by 470km.<\/p>\n
Also onboard was another woman, Yi So-yeon<\/strong> (born 1978), a young South Korean biotechnologist on her first flight and the first Korean to travel into space<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
Footage shortly after the landing shows a smiling So-yeon, but she was left with back injuries that required hospital treatment. She did not fly again.<\/p>\n
![\""Ground\"]( "\\"\"Ground\\"")
<\/div>Ground crew examine the Soyuz capsule that returned Yi So-Yeon, Peggy Whitson and flight engineer Yury Malenchenko to Earth on 19 April 2008. Credit: HAMIL ZHUMATOV\/AFP via Getty Images<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n With her eighth EVA in 2017 at age 57, Whitson became the oldest woman to undertake a spacewalk<\/strong>. She\u2019s since raised that total to ten EVAs. She was also the first female chief of NASA\u2019s Astronaut Office<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/strong>But she\u2019s not done yet. Whitson recently announced her return to space as the commander of Axiom Mission 2<\/strong>, a SpaceX Crew Dragon mission to the ISS in late 2022.
<\/p>7<\/span>Christina Koch<\/h3>\n<\/div>
\u00a0<\/p>\n
![\""NASA\"]( "\\"\"NASA\\"")
<\/div>NASA astronaut Christina Koch preparing spacesuits inside the Quest joint airlock on the International Space Station. Credit: NASA<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n Seven months after astronaut Anne McClain missed her chance because of the blunder of the wrong-sized spacesuit, on 21 October 2019 the historic all-female spacewalk<\/strong> finally went ahead, when engineer\u00a0Christina Koch<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0(born 1979) and marine biologist and physiologist Jessica Meir<\/strong><\/a> (born 1977) upgraded a faulty battery charging unit on the ISS.<\/p>\n
Koch went on to break the record for longest continuous time in space by a woman<\/strong> on 28 December 2019 \u2013 a total of 328 days in space.<\/p>\n
![\""NASA\"]( "\\"\"NASA\\"")
<\/div>NASA astronaut Jessica Meir pictured during an EVA with fellow astronaut Christina Koch, 18 October 2019. The EVA was the first all-female spacewalk in history. Credit: NASA<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n
As one of nine women in the 50% male\/50% female crew on the forthcoming Artemis program intending to return humans to the Moon\u2019s surface, Koch is a candidate to be the first woman on the Moon, along with Kayla Barron, Jessica Meir, Kate Rubins, Jasmin Moghbeli, Anne McClain, Stephanie Wilson and Jessica Watkins.
<\/p>8<\/span>Kathy Sullivan<\/h3>\n<\/div>
\u00a0<\/p>\n
![\""Kathryn\"]( "\\"\"Kathryn\\"")
<\/div>Kathryn Sullivan prepares for a potential spacewalk during her second space flight, the mission to launch the Hubble Space Telescope. Credit: NASA<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n Sullivan (born 1951) is something of a living legend as the woman who helped launch in 1990, and subsequently repair and maintain, the Hubble Space Telescope<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n
At one point during Hubble\u2019s deployment, Sullivan was poised for an EVA to hand-crank the scope\u2019s solar arrays into position after they jammed.<\/p>\n
![\""Astronaut\"]( "\\"\"Astronaut\\"")
<\/div>Astronaut Kathryn D. Sullivan became the first American woman to spacewalk during an EVA on Space Shuttle Challenger, 11 October 1984. Credit: NASA<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n Part of NASA\u2019s 1978 Astronaut Class, the first to include women, Sullivan became America\u2019s first female spacewalker <\/strong>when she stepped out of Space Shuttle Challenger in October 1984.<\/p>\n
She clocked up 532 hours in space before retiring from NASA in 1993. Not content with conquering the heavens, in 2020 she become the first woman to dive to the deepest part of the Earth\u2019s oceans, the Challenger Deep in the\u00a0Mariana Trench.
<\/p>9<\/span>Samantha Cristoforetti<\/h3>\n<\/div>
\u00a0<\/p>\n
![\""ESA\"]( "\\"\"ESA\\"")
<\/div>ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti pictured on board the International Space Station. Credit: ESA\/NASA, CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO<\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n - 5 women astronomers with Moon craters named after them<\/strong><\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>
![\""Sullivan\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/09\/Kathryn_Sullivan_Sally_Ride-19726d7-e1567766779826.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C407"\" "\\"\"Sullivan\\"")
<\/div>![\""NASA's\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/08\/nasa-astronaut-class-2013-7f826af.jpeg?quality=90&resize=620%2C413"\" "\\"\"NASA's\\"")
<\/div>![\""Wall\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/08\/GettyImages-1234073683-f852072.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C398"\" "\\"\"Wall\\"")
<\/div>![\""Valentina\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/03\/GettyImages-170984786-6c5c23f-e1615463427693.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C401"\" "\\"\"Valentina\\"")
<\/div>![\""Svetlana\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/08\/Svetlana-Savitskaya-fcc2b4a.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C495"\" "\\"\"Svetlana\\"")
<\/div>![\""NASA\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/08\/Sally-Ride-NASA-2329d4a.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C413"\" "\\"\"Sally\\"")
<\/div>![\""NASA\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/03\/Mae_Jemison_in_Space-8b2f64d.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C350"\" "\\"\"NASA\\"")
<\/div>![\""Expedition\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/08\/Susan-Helms-NASA-8a93bae.jpeg?quality=90&resize=620%2C412"\" "\\"\"Expedition\\"")
<\/div>![\""NASA\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/08\/peggy_whitson_0-3dc8222-e1629710802813.jpeg?quality=90&resize=620%2C413"\" "\\"\"Peggy\\"")
<\/div>![\""Ground\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/08\/GettyImages-80778976-f1b88f2.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C380"\" "\\"\"Ground\\"")
<\/div>![\""NASA\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/08\/48315902672_c6bd524b02_c-6545ada.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C414"\" "\\"\"NASA\\"")
<\/div>![\""NASA\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/08\/48936845428_d7714b3432_c-5ee600b.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C414"\" "\\"\"NASA\\"")
<\/div>![\""Kathryn\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/09\/Kathy_Sullivan_Hubble-bd17ca8-e1567767374301.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C578"\" "\\"\"Kathryn\\"")
<\/div>![\""Astronaut\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/08\/Kathryn-Sullivan-spacewalk-86ca897.jpeg?quality=90&resize=620%2C404"\" "\\"\"Astronaut\\"")
<\/div>![\""ESA\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/10\/Samantha_Cristoforetti_onboard_the_International_Space_Station-1-2cc0c68.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C413"\" "\\"\"ESA\\"")
<\/div>![\""Britain's\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/03\/151007_sharman_helen_027-32fe6c6.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C350"\" "\\"\"Britain's\\"")
<\/div>![\""Eileen\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/09\/07-EileenCollins-37537aa.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C407"\" "\\"\"Eileen\\"")
<\/div>![\""Chinese\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/08\/GettyImages-1323816590-233ff01.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C451"\" "\\"\"Chinese\\"")
<\/div>![\""Left\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/09\/female_astronaut_candidates-4053977.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C396"\" "\\"\"Left\\"")
<\/div>