The Europan surface is absolutely smothered with landforms that suggest ongoing geological processes:<\/span> long ridges, large regions of broken-up \u2018chaotic\u2019 terrain, and smaller areas of uplift and circular pits.<\/p>\n It\u2019s also clear that underneath its hard-frozen surface Europa harbours a deep ocean of liquid water.<\/p>\n But one of the biggest mysteries surrounding Europa is just how thick that shell of ice really is.<\/p>\n And solving this is crucial to understanding the moon\u2019s internal structure, its geological history and even the chances its hidden ocean offers a habitat for extraterrestrial marine life.<\/p>\n There\u2019s a huge ongoing debate within the planetary<\/span> science community, split between the thin and thick icers.<\/span><\/p>\n Is Europa\u2019s icy shell thin enough that the ocean below <\/span>can occasionally melt all the way through and break up the surface to create the observed chaotic regions?<\/span><\/p>\n Or is the ice layer pretty thick, with the landforms instead being created by solid-state convection within<\/span> the moon\u2019s shell?<\/p>\n Thick icers say blobs of relatively warm ice rise buoyantly to deform the surface.<\/p>\n The problem is that different scientists can look at the same images of surface features on Europa \u2013 mostly taken by the Galileo probe<\/a> in the late 1990s \u2013 and come to completely opposing conclusions.<\/p>\n Kelsi Singer at the Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado, and her colleagues have taken a fresh look at the conundrum.<\/p>\n They mapped all the roughly circular features, between 1km and 50km in size, visible in the available imagery of Europa that could plausibly have been created by internal geological processes.<\/p>\n They were also able to make use of new topographic datasets on details of the landscape, such as the gradient and height or depth of features.<\/p>\n What they found when analysing their data on the size-distribution for all the identified pits, uplifts and small chaotic regions is that there is a peak at around 5km-6km in diameter.<\/p>\n Features smaller or larger than this are found to be less and less common. In fact, Singer and her team weren\u2019t\u00a0 able to find any pits at all that were smaller than 3.3km in diameter, even in the highest-resolution images.<\/p>\n This size-distribution, they say, goes against what you would expect to find if the Europan ice shell were thin enough for melt-through events to occur.<\/p>\n So Singer concludes that their analysis supports the interpretation that the surface features are produced by rising warm ice, and therefore that the Europan ice shell is likely thick rather than thin.<\/p>\n They calculate that the ice shell must have been at a minimum 3km to 8km thick when these surface features formed.<\/p>\n But all of this is still just best-guess inferences on the thickness of Europa\u2019s ice shell.<\/p>\n The good news is that the high-resolution imaging and, in particular, ground-penetrating radar measurements promised by future missions such as ESA\u2019s JUICE (JUpiter and ICy moons Explorer) or NASA\u2019s Europa Clipper<\/a> may soon be able to settle this debate once and for all.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/p>\n![\""Galileo's\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/09\/Europa-Ice-Rafting-8850346.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C274"\" "\\"\"Galileo's\\"\/")
<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>![\""A\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/09\/203_PIA18413-530adf1-e1568729584576.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C465"\" "\\"\"A\\"\/")
<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>![\""Two\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/10\/Jupiter-moon-europa-192c2d4.jpeg?quality=90&resize=620%2C349"\" "\\"\"Two\\"\/")
<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>What lies beneath Europa\u2019s crust?<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n
![\""An\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/08\/Europa-clipper-a992e50.jpg?quality=90&resize=620%2C546"\" "\\"\"An\\"\/")
<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>