{"id":27716,"date":"2021-12-20T08:00:58","date_gmt":"2021-12-20T08:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/?p=103054"},"modified":"2021-12-20T08:13:12","modified_gmt":"2021-12-20T08:13:12","slug":"podcast-launch-of-the-james-webb-space-telescope","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/rss_feed\/podcast-launch-of-the-james-webb-space-telescope\/","title":{"rendered":"Podcast: Launch of the James Webb Space Telescope"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"rssexcerpt\"><\/p><p class=\"rssauthor\">By Ezzy Pearson\n                \t\t<\/p><p class=\"rssbyline\">Published: Monday, 20 December 2021 at 12:00 am<\/p><hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body><p>On 22 December, the <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-missions\/nasa-james-webb-space-telescope-observe-universe\/&quot;\">James Webb Space Telescope<\/a> (JWST) is set to launch. The 6.5 wide telescope is an infrared observatory capable of looking at the cosmos from our neighbouring planets to the farthest depths of space where we are just receiving the light from the first galaxies. We look over what the telescope is, its difficult journey to the launch pad, and what it hopes to achieve once it reaches orbit.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;embed&quot;\"> <div class=\"&quot;embed__intrinsic&quot;\"> <iframe src=\"&quot;\/\/embed.acast.com\/radio-astronomy\/launch-of-the-james-webb-space-telescope&quot;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"\" mozallowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"&quot;0&quot;\"\/> <\/div>\n<\/div> <p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h1>Transcript<\/h1>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>Greetings listeners. It\u2019s time for the January episode. I\u2019m news editor Ezzy Pearson and I\u2019m joined on the podcast today by editor Chris Bramley.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>Hello.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>Coming up later today, we\u2019ll be telling you <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/advice\/skills\/orion-constellation-best-targets-observe\/&quot;\">how you can see Orion<\/a> in our stargazing tip of the month. But first, we\u2019re going to take a moment to talk about our January issue, which just so happens to also be our 200th issue. So we\u2019re all very proud that we\u2019ve been going for, what? Is it 16 years?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>The Sky at Night magazine launched with the June issue 2005. Way back 16 years ago. And yeah, what? What a what a time. It\u2019s been 200 issues, and I\u2019m very pleased that we\u2019ve been able in the 200th issue to include a double page spread on which we have every single one of our covers and right back to the very first issue, which is in which it\u2019s just a mind boggling sight. Personally speaking, when he looked back on it saying all those issues that we\u2019ve we\u2019ve created together. When did you join the magazine Ezzy?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>I joined, funnily enough, back on issue 100. That was the issue that was going on sale when I started. So for me, it\u2019s been particularly poignant. It\u2019s my 100th issue. That\u2019s amazing, which is, you know, it\u2019s it\u2019s great to have been able to sort of be on the forefront of all of these observations and scientific discoveries that\u2019s been happening because one of the things that we did in the issue was we had <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-science\/interview-chris-lintott-talks-citizen-science\/&quot;\">Chris Lintott<\/a>, who\u2019s one of the presenters of <em>The Sky at Night<\/em>, write about all of the scientific, the biggest scientific discoveries that have happened over the years and years that the magazine has been going. And some of them were really sort \u2026 you feel have been around for longer than 16 years. Like, for instance, back when the magazine started, we barely knew of any <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-science\/exoplanets\/&quot;\">exoplanets<\/a>. Now we know thousands and thousands and we\u2019re beginning to get close views of them and understand what their climates are like and what they\u2019re made up of. And so that was kind of, you know, a really interesting shift to see.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>The advances there have been incredible, haven\u2019t they?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>Yeah, yeah, exactly. We\u2019ve we detected <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/news\/what-are-gravitational-waves\/&quot;\">gravitational waves<\/a> for the first time in detected, but hadn\u2019t even been built.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>It\u2019s a whole new chapter of astronomy, that isn\u2019t it? That\u2019s just started in the in the past 15 years. Absolutely incredible. And I mean, personally\u2026 You say issue 100. I\u2019ve been on Sky at Night magazine since Issue 1, Not as Editor, I started out as as the production as the sub editor on issue one. So I can remember quite clearly putting that very first issue together and working on all those, all those issues. And I became the editor in issue 77 back in 2012 and being able to see all the covers just brought back some of the great things that we\u2019ve covered since then and some of the great things outside the magazine that we\u2019ve been able to do as well. And things like <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/astrophotography\/capturing-the-total-solar-eclipse\/&quot;\">the total eclipse<\/a> event that we put on in March 2015 in Bristol. It was a total eclipse in some parts of the world from the UK it was a it was a it was the largest partial eclipse that we\u2019ll get to see for many, many years. And it really it really was. I think it was probably about 60 to 65 percent of the Sun was covered by the Moon, from Bristol anyway. And we had we had about we had hundreds of people turn up to the event in the morning, the sky was quite cloudy, but it cleared just at the right time for us to see the the the eclipse. So that was fantastic. The other thing we\u2019ve done in the issue is we\u2019ve got in touch with some\u2026 We found out that some of us subscribers have been reading the magazine since issue one, an amazing number. Actually, 120 subscribers have been reading the magazine since Issue one, which is just fantastic. And I think, you know, we\u2019re so grateful to all our readers for following us for that long. We talked to just five of them and it was so interesting to hear their, you know, their insight into the kind of astronomy they do, what they find interesting about the hobby, what keeps them going. And and it\u2019s just a really unique insight into into what people what what gets people going about the hobby and about the science.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>Yes, it it\u2019s absolutely fantastic, and we\u2019re thankful to all our readers and hopefully some of our listeners or readers as well. And so if you want to read more about what\u2019s been going on in the 200 issues of Sky at Night magazine, the discoveries that have been made, the observations that have happened be sure to pick up up 200th issue. However, there is another landmark occasion that will be happening in mid December, and that\u2019s on the 22nd of December the James Webb Space Telescope is finally due to launch.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>And finally, yes, after many years<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>I say, finally, because it was first supposed to launch back in 2007, that was its first launch date. It\u2019s a bit behind.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>Yes, there have been delays. It is a massively complex instrument, and it\u2019s going to set the standard for astronomical observations in <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-science\/how-hubble-space-telescope-changed-view-of-universe\/&quot;\">the way that Hubble did<\/a> when it first launched.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>Mm-hmm. And in fact, that\u2019s why the JWST, as it\u2019s also known, was first envisioned. It was meant to be a follow up to the Hubble Space Telescope, but it\u2019s a very different animal. It\u2019s an infra-red telescope. That means you can look through the dust in the universe because dust is everywhere. And if you\u2019re looking visually, you can\u2019t see through it, but infra-red can.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris<\/strong> No hoovers in space.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy<\/strong> No hoovers in space, exactly. And it\u2019s got a six and a half metre mirror. And there\u2019s a problem when you have a mirror that big, which is that it won\u2019t fit in a rocket. Rockets are only about three and a half metres wide. I think that\u2019s the maximum width you can fit in that<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>We can fit and they couldn\u2019t fit it in.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>Could they know they are having to fold the mirror up? It\u2019s been constructed out of 18 hexagonal plates, all of which were very gently curved to to create the mirror shape that you need. And they\u2019ve these are also coated in gold.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>That\u2019s right. The gold plated on it\u2019s very dramatic. It looks very dramatic, doesn\u2019t it? All these different segments are hexagonal, too, so it looks a little bit like a kind of bee\u2026 Honeycomb, doesn\u2019t it? It does.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>It very much looks like a beehive or a honeycomb.\u00a0 And the reason why is gold rather than the usual silver, these is because gold reflects infra-red light much more effectively and much better good.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>That gold is a very is a very thin, micron thick, thin plating, the vast proportion, the backing of behind that gold-plating is beryllium, which is a very, very rare metal, isn\u2019t it? And actually of it doing some, some reading up on beryllium. It\u2019s an absolute. It\u2019s an absolutely fascinating element in terms of the particle physics, Ezzy isn\u2019t it? I mean, I did. I had no idea how it was, how it was formed and all elements heavier than than iron. All the elements are formed in stars, aren\u2019t they? That\u2019s, you know, it fused, fused together from hydrogen and helium.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>All the ones up to iron anyway.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>Up to iron. But you can\u2019t get any heavier elements than that formed within a star and every element in the periodic table. Heavier than iron is formed in a supernova, but not beryllium. I just it just I just find it absolutely mind boggling that <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-science\/when-stars-collapse-what-is-a-supernova\/&quot;\">it takes a supernova<\/a> to form these have heavy elements. And then and then some of these heavy elements are struck by cosmic rays just randomly struck by cosmic rays. And then and then that go up\u2026 That and that reaction goes on. And some of those some of those elements that are formed from these cosmic rays strikes and go on to create beryllium, which is which is just the mind boggling, the kind of chances of this happening throughout the universe over time. To create the metal\u2026 kind of explains why it\u2019s so rare, I guess.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>Yeah. So it is this incredibly rare metal, but it\u2019s also very light. It\u2019s number four on the periodic table, which means it\u2019s an incredibly lightweight metal, which is great if you\u2019re trying to build your spacecraft out of it. But it\u2019s also still strong. It\u2019s got all of the other properties that you want to have if you\u2019re you\u2019re making a mirror. And so that\u2019s why they sought out this incredibly rare metal to make these 18 hexagons out of.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>That\u2019s right. That\u2019s right. Yeah. And it\u2019s going to have quite a lot of instruments on board. Isn\u2019t it Ezzy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>There are four main instruments. There\u2019s a near infra-red camera, a near infrared spectrometer, a mid-infrared instrument as it\u2019s called, or MIRI and a near-infrared imager and what\u2019s called a slitless spectrograph. So a spectrograph gets in the light from distant stars or distant objects and then sort of splits it up.\u00a0 That allows you to\u2026 when you\u2019ve got that sort of spectrum, you can see all of the different what\u2019s called spectral lines. So these are when you\u2019ve got a certain element in a star, it glows with a certain colour of light and you can pick out that colour of light and be able to tell that element is in a star. And so you can begin to pick out what you know\u2026 I say star. It could be an exoplanet. It could be something around a distant planet. We\u2019ll get more into what JWST is actually looking at later, but it\u2019s got this entire suite of instruments that are going to be able to just really break apart what these planets, what these cosmic objects are like and look at things that we just haven\u2019t had the capability to do before because this is the first big\u2026 We have had infra-red telescopes before, but it\u2019s hard to put one on Earth because Earth\u2019s atmosphere just soaks up all of the infra-red and all you end up seeing is the Earth\u2019s atmosphere. So you need to put it above the Earth\u2019s atmosphere. And there has been various telescopes. They\u2019ve been much smaller because they haven\u2019t had this massive 6.5 metre mirror, and they\u2019ve also tended to be very focused on a specific part of the spectrum looking at a specific thing. So things like Herschel and Spitzer, things like that, they were very sort of focussed on on a narrow range of things to be able to do, whereas the whole point of the JWST is it\u2019s just going to be this kind of broad approach, looking at all of these different things and just basically people can come up with whatever observations they want to do and apply for time. And I say that\u2019ll get it, but it\u2019s incredibly in-demand instrument.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>The time the time is is is precious on on JWST, isn\u2019t it more so than Hubble? When you look at how broad the part of the spectrum is that the Webb telescope will be able to see. It\u2019s hugely wide. It covers over half of the of the of the spectrum towards the infra-red and which of the longer wavelengths of light. Of course, one of the things that helps the Webb telescope to be able to take such good observations to be able to see so much of the infra-red part of the spectrum is the fact that it\u2019s going to be just a huge distance from Earth. Hubble\u00a0 orbited the Earth five 570 kilometres above the surface. The Webb telescope is\u2026 It\u2019s not even going to be orbiting the Earth. It\u2019s it\u2019s launching on this huge Ariane 5 rocket from French Guiana from Spaceport Europe. ESA\u2019s spaceport in French Guiana, which is in South America. It\u2019s going to travel one and a half million kilometres away into deep space, and there it\u2019s going to be. It\u2019s going to travel to a point in space known as the Earth Sun Lagrange Point L2. Now there are four of these Lagrange points around Earth. And at these Lagrange points, the gravitational forces of the Sun and Earth exactly balance the centrifugal force, acting to carry objects further out into space. So in effect, objects at these Lagrange points hover the kind of stationary\u00a0 position in relation to the southern Earth without having to expend much fuel. Now the there are four\u2026. I said there are four of these there. Two of them are on the orbital path of Earth ahead of and behind the planet. Our planet on its orbital path. One is in between the Sun and the Earth. And before the second one L2, where JWST is going, is on the far side of Earth from the Sun. And there is going to be far, far away from all there, all the light from the Earth, the Sun and the Moon, which will keep instruments cool. And the other thing that JWST has built into it is this huge sun shield, which is going to block even more of the light from the Sun Moon and keep its instruments incredibly cool, which is vital for taking Infra-Red observations. I mean, it just it\u2019s just it\u2019s just a different beast to Hubble. It really is. You know, as well as orbiting at a vastly greater distance from from our planet, it\u2019s going to it\u2019s got this 21 metre wide sunshield. It\u2019s about the size of a tennis court, if you can picture that in your mind.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>Absolutely huge.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>Whereas Hubble was 13 metres in length about, you know, about the size of a of a coach or a school bus. We\u2019ve already talked about the mirror, and the mirror is going to be six and a half metres in diameter, whereas Hubble\u2019s mirror was two and a half, 2.4 metres in diameter. And so that that gives the Webb telescope over six times the collecting area of the Hubble Mirror, which is going to mean it collects more light and it\u2019s going to be it\u2019s going to be giving astronomers much greater resolution in terms of the observations that it can take. It\u2019s going to be able to see much finer detail. One interesting thing that I noticed was the difference in mass between the two instruments. Do you know anything about that Ezzy which which do you think is the heavier<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>That is one of the kind of measurements I haven\u2019t actually looked at?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>Hmm. It\u2019s fascinating because I was expecting, you know, so much in terms of its size. It\u2019s a much bigger instrument. In actual fact, the Webb telescope is half the mass of the Hubble Space Telescope. Hubble Space Telescope comes in at 12 tons. Webb Telescope weighs six and a half tons.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>I mean, that\u2019s what you get for making your plates of beryllium.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>That\u2019s what you get. Yeah, that\u2019s right. That\u2019s right.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>But I don\u2019t I don\u2019t know if any of our listeners at home have ever seen pictures. Those on the NASA website, they have lots of them where you can see sort of this absolutely enormous telescope next to the people who are working on it. And it gives you this kind of sense of scale of just how big it is. But it\u2019s, you know, as you said, it\u2019s the size of a tennis court with this massive thing sticking up the side and as high as a house.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>This giant thing. And it\u2019s going to be launching on December the 22nd, isn\u2019t it? We do wish it well.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>Hopefully, we\u2019ll be launching on December the 22nd because it has had a bit of a past and a bit of a history on the way to the launch pad. As I said, it began development back in 1996, meant to be a successor to Hubble, but a complementary one. Initially, its forecast what was forecast to cost around about $500 million. I think at the end tally, it\u2019s more like $10 billion. That\u2019s a that\u2019s a bit of an increase in cost that.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>That is quite that\u2019s quite an increase, isn\u2019t it? Yeah.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>But it was originally supposed to launch in 2007, but it had a major redesign in 2005, at which point it was the launch date was pushed way back. It was going to be much more capable of what it could do and much more advanced.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>That\u2019s right.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>So basically, it been suffering from scope creep up until that point where basically everybody said, it\u2019s like, Oh, why? Why do we put this on? Why don\u2019t we make it do this? And in 2005, they sat down and said, OK, let\u2019s see what we can actually put on and go with that. The main construction finally finished in 2016, at which point it was going through testing. And this is where things really started going wrong because in March 2018, they were practising deploying this absolutely massive sun shield. But there\u2019s one very small problem with a sun shield that is the size of a tennis court, but has the thickness of 0.05mm. It\u2019s incredibly thin and there\u2019s five of these sheets and they all have to go out perfectly. And during this test deployment, it tore and there was no way to kind of repair this other than sort of completely taking that layer off and putting it back on again. Mm-Hmm. Mm-Hmm. So that took another couple of years, and the launch date was suspended back again. And then in March 2020, the pandemic happened and they had to push back the launch date again to the 31st of October because basically, NASA decided that they really needed to sort of concentrate their resources that they had. On things that were needed to go at a certain time. So, for instance, they were working on the Perseverance rover that had to be ready by, oh, when did that launch in August? Because otherwise it was going to miss its launch window. Whereas JWST can launch pretty much at any time<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>it can launch anytime. is not critical. Is that because it\u2019s not having to kind of tie in with the orbital path of different planets? And it\u2019s quite the scheduling. You talk about kind of scheduling trains, scheduling stuff in terms of orbital dynamics, and those set and the motion of the planets is a is an order of magnitude more tricky than National Rail, isn\u2019t it?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>Yeah, exactly. So then it got pushed back to the thirty first of October. Then in August, all it\u2019d be all the Ariane five rockets, which is what the JWST will be flying on, were grounded because there was an issue with that their payload fairing. So that\u2019s basically the kind of the panels that go around your instrument to protect it during launch. So it got pushed back three months to the 18th December and then a couple of weeks ago for us, about a month when this comes out, In late November, something called a clamp band released whilst they were mounting this telescope on top of the rocket and shook the entire telescope. And it must have been. So you know, you\u2019ve got this half billion telescope\u202610 billion dollar telescope that people have been waiting decades for. So people have been going on and on about making jokes about how delayed it is. And then you just suddenly see the entire thing go [shaking noise].<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>Yeah. And one little\u2026 when you say clamp band I\u2019m imagining a kind of rubber band just pinging off air and flying off into the corner or some clean room.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>I think that is basically what happened. But fortunately, you know, the telescope was going to suffer much worse shaking during launch. So it was they put in an extra couple of delay,\u2026 Couple of days delay just to, you know, check everything thoroughly and make sure everything was OK. Yes. And finally, on the 22nd of December, that is when it is due to launch. Finally.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>Well, I think it\u2019s just as well that they\u2019re doing all these checks ahead of time and taking in and putting in these putting in these slight delays because of course, being that far away one and a half million kilometres out in space, you know, we can\u2019t service it in the same way that Hubble was able to be service absolutely teams of astronauts. It\u2019s going to be out there. It\u2019s going to it has to, you know, there is no leeway for repair once it\u2019s out there. So we need, you know, all the all the kind of the the global consortium of space agencies who are who are who are creating this, this amazing mission. They all are invested and they all want to make sure that it\u2019s absolutely going to work when once it once it launches to space. Mm.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>Absolutely. And. Unfortunately, one of the\u2026 Because you mentioned Hubble again, one of the things that they were hoping they\u2019ll be able to do was have JWST and Hubble making observations at the same time of the same thing so you could they could work together? Yes. And because of all of these delays, unfortunately now Hubble is not doing very well. It\u2019s constantly going into safe mode at the moment. Sort of every couple of months, I get a report instead of saying Hubble is going back into safe mode and most of the time they can, you know, flick a couple of switches, turn off and on again, and it works and it\u2019s fine.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>They can do some software updates, can\u2019t they, on this thing\u2026<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>There\u2019s no space shuttle anymore, so they can\u2019t go and service it. So hopefully they\u2019ll be able to get at least a couple of months out of the two of them working together. I think they\u2019re hoping for a couple of years, but we\u2019ll have to see if that happens. But it is. It is an exciting time because even by itself, the JWST, as we said, is a huge, incredible instrument. It\u2019s going to be able to observe all over the cosmos from our own Solar System back yard right the way out to you know, the earliest solar\u2026 the earliest objects that are out there.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>So the what\u2019s called the cycle one observations have already been assigned. The first 6000 hours of JWST time has already been assigned. There are small programmes which only are less than twenty five hours to do medium projects, which are twenty five to seventy five, and large projects which are seventy five hours long. And there\u2019s there\u2019s dozens of these have already been assigned studying exoplanets and their disks around them. So this is going to be one of the big things that its going to be really good up because it can can look through the dust. It looks in the infra-red. It can see these hot young systems seeing them as they grow and really begin to sort of pick apart what\u2019s called the protoplanetary disks. So this is the disk of dust and debris that\u2019s around planets. And pick out possibly even, you know, growing planets, perhaps even some growing moons, which is something we\u2019re beginning to hear about in these disks of dust. Equally, it will be looking at really early galaxies seeing how these grow again, they tend to be quite dusty. So being able to see in that part of the spectrum are really helping this. Yeah.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>And yes, talking talking about the first galaxies, we\u2019re talking about looking back in time to a very, very early period of the Universe\u2019s history. The first galaxies formed around 300 million years after the Big Bang. And Hubble was able to see the kind of later stages of that of that period in the universe\u2019s history. JWST will be able to see much farther back into that period. And in fact, it will be able to see beyond that further back into time again. Back to when the first stars were being formed. And that really is something something incredible to be able to see the very first generation, the very first population of stars and how they were formed. And it\u2019s going to be fascinating to see how they\u2019re different from stars. Later stars are formed these days.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>Yeah, it\u2019s it\u2019s really looking into a lot of this kind of like a very early, very distant galaxy. Because, again, it can look through the dust that fills the Universe and get a much clearer picture of what\u2019s going on. So looking at things like the the intergalactic medium, which is the the stuff between galaxies is sort of vague, like not even clouds, just this sort of wash of stuff.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>The very tenuous stuff, the very tenuous, almost it\u2019s it\u2019s almost a vacuum, isn\u2019t it? I mean, there\u2019s probably about one atom or one particle of matter in a huge, huge volume of space isn\u2019t there. We\u2019re talking in the interplanetary medium. Yes, fascinating. That\u2019s going to be able to characterise that characterise that a little bit more. But what\u2019s it going to see in the Solar System that a bit closer to Earth?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>So this is actually really very interesting. The Hubble Space Telescope is going to be looking at lots of the outer planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. It won\u2019t be able to look inwards, unfortunately, because they\u2019re too close to the Sun.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>Too much light, too much heat.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>You\u2019ve got this massive telescope that they are. They\u2019ve built a tennis court sunshield to protect it from the light of not just from the heat of not just the Sun, but the Earth and even the Moon, which is so bright, you know.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>Event he reflected light from these bodies is too much for it to look at.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>So to get to be able to look at, but that means it\u2019s going to be looking at these gas giant planets, which is going to be really fascinating because infra-red is really good for looking down into planet atmospheres. So if you\u2019ve got these thick atmospheres like Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, they all do. That\u2019s what it\u2019s going to be able to start picking apart. It\u2019s going to be able to see some of these layers.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>That\u2019s one of the things that excites me. I, I find and one of the one of the branches of astronomy that I\u2019m I\u2019m particularly interested in is planetary science and particularly in planetary science is the is these gas giants, what is under the visible surface of Jupiter? What is it like? What is under the visible surface of Saturn? It\u2019s just, you know, that kind of thing is I\u2019m just so curious about that. And it\u2019s just I\u2019m, you know, I\u2019m\u00a0 in an really keen anticipation of what we\u2019ll find out.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>Yeah, it\u2019s whenever because quite often you when you look at these planets, you realise they\u2019ve got these layers where they have very romantic sounding things going on like it rains diamonds and sapphires. The winds blow with rubies, and then you actually think about what that would be like. And it\u2019s horrific.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>Yeah, pretty bad. You have a pretty strong umbrella. Yeah. Take on a visit that place me. Yes. But interestingly, Uranus, Uranus and Neptune are interesting targets as well. I\u2019m really pleased that there has been some observation time allotted to to the to those ice giants because we have such a low resolution view of them. Really don\u2019t believe that the only observations we have of them close up are thanks to the Voyager flybys in the late 1980s. And you know, that\u2019s that\u2019s three decades ago. You know, the kind of distant past nowadays in terms of the kind of technology and the capability of instruments. So yeah, I guess it\u2019s time that we discovered, you know, we did some put in some more time observing those worlds.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>Yeah, because the planets you again have the problem of the Earth\u2019s atmosphere. But this time it\u2019s not just like removing the light like it does with infra-red, it\u2019s moving the light. So as it comes through, the atmosphere has a bit of a wobble to it, something called seeing it. And that blurs the image of these distant planets, which is why Hubble did spend some time looking at that at Uranus and Neptune, but it only had a 2.5 metre mirror. It could still only detect so much on these planets. And even though that was a project that sort of looked at extended periods of time, which I think the JWST is going to carry on, it\u2019s not just sort of taking like one snapshot of these planets and then moving on and never returning. It\u2019s going to sort of take different pictures at different times and sort of keep track of the planets as they move on. And that\u2019s again, that\u2019s one of those things. If we can get Hubble doing that at the same time in the\u00a0 visual light\u00a0\u2013 because it always does have some visual capability, but it\u2019s not its strong suit. It\u2019s it\u2019s it\u2019s much more of an infra-red thing. So if we can get those two together for a bit, that\u2019s going to be some really interesting results and some stuff that because that\u2019s one of the things with the things that these big telescopes do is it\u2019s not necessarily just going and doing this one observation. And that\u2019s done and that\u2019s that one project that\u2019s going on. It\u2019s creating this entire legacy of data that\u2019s open to everybody. It\u2019s the NASA instrument, and NASA has this policy that any data that the instruments takes will be open to everybody.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chris <\/strong>Now it\u2019s time for the stargazing tip of the month. The winter skies see the return of one of the most recognisable constellations, Orion the Hunter, the bright stars of Orion make it easy to find and are a great opportunity to teach younger astronomers about how to navigate the sky. First, locate the three bright stars in a row that form Orion\u2019s Belt, you should then be able to see the four stars that marked the corners of a rectangle around the belt. The top two stars are called Bellatrix and Betelgeuse, marking Orion\u2019s shoulders. The bottom two stars are named Saiph and Rigel and mark his feet. Orion offers an easy way to see the difference in colours between stars Rigel on the bottom right of the Constellation is blue, white and colour, while Betelgeuse on the top left is a distinct reddish orange. This is because Betelgeuse is an older star heading towards the end of its life. It\u2019s run out of fuel and enter the red giant phase, where its outer layers cool and glow red. Meanwhile, Rigel is a massive star. Burning is fuel very rapidly, getting white hot. If you fancy more of a challenge, then try to locate a line of stars hanging down off Orion\u2019s belt. This is the Hunter\u2019s sword. Halfway down this sword, you may see that one of the stars looks a bit fuzzier than the rest. This is the Orion Nebula, also known as M42. If you have a pair of binoculars or a small telescope to hand, you should be able to see even more detail in this region. Though bear in mind, it won\u2019t look quite like the images you might have seen in the pages of Sky at Night magazine. Like all nebulae, these colours can only be pulled out by extensive image processing. To the eye M42 looks like a pale, misty cloud. But don\u2019t let that put you off. There\u2019s nothing quite like being able to see a distant nebula with your own eyes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ezzy <\/strong>So that\u2019s it from us this month. Be sure to pick up our 200th issue of BBC Sky at Night magazine, where we also hear from readers who have been with the magazine since Issue 1, look back over the greatest scientific breakthroughs and landmark astronomical events that have occurred in the last 200 issues and preview the biggest missions and observing events to come in 2022. And that\u2019s not forgetting our regular sections that will help you unlock the wonders of the night sky, find the right equipment to observe it with, and discover the best things to see after dark this month from all of us here at BBC Sky at Night Magazine. Goodbye.<\/p><\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Ezzy Pearson Published: Monday, 20 December 2021 at 12:00 am On 22 December, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is set to launch. The 6.5 wide telescope is an infrared observatory capable of looking at the cosmos from our neighbouring planets to the farthest depths of space where we are just receiving the light [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":27717,"template":"","categories":[1],"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"26"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2021\/12\/podcast-launch-of-the-james-webb-space-telescope.jpg",2048,1340,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2021\/12\/podcast-launch-of-the-james-webb-space-telescope-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2021\/12\/podcast-launch-of-the-james-webb-space-telescope-300x196.jpg",300,196,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2021\/12\/podcast-launch-of-the-james-webb-space-telescope-768x503.jpg",768,503,true],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2021\/12\/podcast-launch-of-the-james-webb-space-telescope-1024x670.jpg",800,523,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2021\/12\/podcast-launch-of-the-james-webb-space-telescope-1536x1005.jpg",1536,1005,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2021\/12\/podcast-launch-of-the-james-webb-space-telescope.jpg",2048,1340,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"By Ezzy Pearson Published: Monday, 20 December 2021 at 12:00 am On 22 December, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is set to launch. The 6.5 wide telescope is an infrared observatory capable of looking at the cosmos from our neighbouring planets to the farthest depths of space where we are just receiving the light&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/27716"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27717"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27716"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27716"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}