{"id":41024,"date":"2023-01-26T14:22:42","date_gmt":"2023-01-26T14:22:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/?p=115546"},"modified":"2023-01-26T15:34:11","modified_gmt":"2023-01-26T15:34:11","slug":"how-to-photograph-a-comet","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/rss_feed\/how-to-photograph-a-comet\/","title":{"rendered":"How to photograph a comet"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"rssexcerpt\"><\/p><p class=\"rssauthor\">By Pete Lawrence\n                \t\t<\/p><p class=\"rssbyline\">Published: Thursday, 26 January 2023 at 12:00 am<\/p><hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body> <p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\">Have you ever wanted to photograph a comet? Photographs of comets can be absolutely spectacular and, as comets are so unpredicatable, they can require a bit of luck and timing to produce something with that \u2018wow\u2019 factor.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\">But as well as producing wonderful astrophotography \u2013 or cometography \u2013 your comet images can contribute to science by helping to document how a <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-science\/a-guide-to-comets\/&quot;\">comet<\/a> evolves over time.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\">A good and surprising example was comet 17P\/Holmes, which underwent a massive outburst back in 2007, appearing over half a million times brighter than expected.<\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Find out <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/advice\/what-comets-asteroids-in-sky-tonight\/&quot;\">which comets and asteroids are visible tonight<\/a>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-17p-holmes-1e7ab0c.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C200,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-17p-holmes-1e7ab0c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C200,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-17p-holmes-1e7ab0c.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C237,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-17p-holmes-1e7ab0c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C237,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-17p-holmes-1e7ab0c.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C270,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-17p-holmes-1e7ab0c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C270,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-17p-holmes-1e7ab0c.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-17p-holmes-1e7ab0c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-17p-holmes-1e7ab0c.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-17p-holmes-1e7ab0c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-17p-holmes-1e7ab0c.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C272,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-17p-holmes-1e7ab0c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C272,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-17p-holmes-1e7ab0c.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C371,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-17p-holmes-1e7ab0c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C371,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-115571\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-17p-holmes-1e7ab0c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1200&quot;\" height=\"&quot;800&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> Comet 17P\/Holmes imaged on 28 October 2007 with an outburst appearance unlike most comets. Credit: Pete Lawrence<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\">The outburst was accompanied by many changes in the comet\u2019s appearance that, when viewed in sequence, described the fascinating and unusual evolution of this amazing object.<span class=\"&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">Many different camera setups are suitable for imaging comets.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">Brighter comets make ideal targets for general photographic equipment, such as a DSLR fitted with a standard lens.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">Dimmer targets up the ante, requiring more sensitive equipment, typically a cooled <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/top-astronomy-kit\/best-ccd-cameras-astrophotography\/&quot;\">CCD camera<\/a> fitted to a telescope.<\/p>\n<p>In this guide we\u2019ll give you basic tips on photographing comets, but we\u2019ll also look at some more technical cometography projects that will provide vital scientific data.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/08\/04.VivekChari_C2017PassesM106-d44e553.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C192,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/08\/04.VivekChari_C2017PassesM106-d44e553.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C192,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/08\/04.VivekChari_C2017PassesM106-d44e553.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C227,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/08\/04.VivekChari_C2017PassesM106-d44e553.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C227,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/08\/04.VivekChari_C2017PassesM106-d44e553.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C259,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/08\/04.VivekChari_C2017PassesM106-d44e553.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C259,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/08\/04.VivekChari_C2017PassesM106-d44e553.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C355,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/08\/04.VivekChari_C2017PassesM106-d44e553.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C355,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/08\/04.VivekChari_C2017PassesM106-d44e553.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C397&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/08\/04.VivekChari_C2017PassesM106-d44e553.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C397&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/08\/04.VivekChari_C2017PassesM106-d44e553.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C261,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/08\/04.VivekChari_C2017PassesM106-d44e553.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C261,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/08\/04.VivekChari_C2017PassesM106-d44e553.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C356,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/08\/04.VivekChari_C2017PassesM106-d44e553.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C356,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-51600\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/08\/04.VivekChari_C2017PassesM106-d44e553.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C397&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1124&quot;\" height=\"&quot;720&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> Comet C\/2017 passing M106 Vivek Chari, Texas, USA, 24\u201325 June 2020. Equipment: Nikon D5300 DSLR, Stellarvue SV80 apo refractor, Sky-Watcher EQ6R Pro mount<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<h2><strong>Hardware &amp; Software<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\"><strong>Hardware<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul><li class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\">Binoculars<\/li>\n<li class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\">Small and large telescopes<\/li>\n<li class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\">DSLR and CCD cameras<\/li>\n<li>Aligned tracking mount<\/li>\n<\/ul><p><strong>Software<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul><li class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\"><a href=\"\/\/www.astrometrica.at&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Astrometrica<\/a> shareware<\/li>\n<li class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\"><a href=\"\/\/www.britastro.org\/node\/11124&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Comphot<\/a> comet photometry software<\/li>\n<li class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\"><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/astrophotography\/astrophoto-tips\/how-use-deep-sky-stacker-astrophotography\/&quot;\">DeepSkyStacker<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\"><a href=\"\/\/pixinsight.com&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">PixInsight<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"&quot;p4&quot;\"><a href=\"\/\/www.gimp.org&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Gimp<\/a>\/<a href=\"\/\/www.adobe.com\/uk\/products\/photoshop.html&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Photoshop<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><h2><strong>Tips for photographing comets<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/05\/15.MichaelBate_C2019Y4ATLAS-5402f99.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C209,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/05\/15.MichaelBate_C2019Y4ATLAS-5402f99.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C209,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/05\/15.MichaelBate_C2019Y4ATLAS-5402f99.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C247,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/05\/15.MichaelBate_C2019Y4ATLAS-5402f99.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C247,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/05\/15.MichaelBate_C2019Y4ATLAS-5402f99.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C282,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/05\/15.MichaelBate_C2019Y4ATLAS-5402f99.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C282,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/05\/15.MichaelBate_C2019Y4ATLAS-5402f99.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C386&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/05\/15.MichaelBate_C2019Y4ATLAS-5402f99.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C386&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/05\/15.MichaelBate_C2019Y4ATLAS-5402f99.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C432&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/05\/15.MichaelBate_C2019Y4ATLAS-5402f99.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C432&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/05\/15.MichaelBate_C2019Y4ATLAS-5402f99.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C284,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/05\/15.MichaelBate_C2019Y4ATLAS-5402f99.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C284,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/05\/15.MichaelBate_C2019Y4ATLAS-5402f99.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C388&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/05\/15.MichaelBate_C2019Y4ATLAS-5402f99.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C388&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-49128\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/05\/15.MichaelBate_C2019Y4ATLAS-5402f99.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C432&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1033&quot;\" height=\"&quot;720&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> Comet ATLAS by Michael Bate, Milton Keynes, 3 April 2020. Equipment: Olympus E-PL7 camera, Sky-Watcher Explorer 200PDS Newtonian reflector, Sky-Watcher HEQ5 mount<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p>Comets are notoriously awkward objects to image against starry backgrounds.<\/p>\n<p>While we go to great lengths to remove the effects of Earth\u2019s rotation using equatorial tracking or autoguiding <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/advice\/a-basic-guide-to-telescope-mounts\/&quot;\">mounts<\/a>, comets mess this up completely by having their own relative motion against the stars.<\/p>\n<p>Tracking the stars keeps them crisp and sharp, as long as your polar alignment is accurate, but a comet will often blur.<\/p>\n<p>Just to complicate matters, a comets\u2019 rate of motion varies depending on how close they are to Earth and the inclination of their orbit to the line of sight of the observer.<\/p>\n<p>Exposures in the order of 30, 60, 90 and 120 seconds should work fine for single shots.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/05\/14-Comet-Wirtanen-75ffca1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C200,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/05\/14-Comet-Wirtanen-75ffca1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C200,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/05\/14-Comet-Wirtanen-75ffca1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C237,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/05\/14-Comet-Wirtanen-75ffca1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C237,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/05\/14-Comet-Wirtanen-75ffca1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C270,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/05\/14-Comet-Wirtanen-75ffca1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C270,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/05\/14-Comet-Wirtanen-75ffca1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C369&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/05\/14-Comet-Wirtanen-75ffca1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C369&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/05\/14-Comet-Wirtanen-75ffca1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/05\/14-Comet-Wirtanen-75ffca1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/05\/14-Comet-Wirtanen-75ffca1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C272,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/05\/14-Comet-Wirtanen-75ffca1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C272,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/05\/14-Comet-Wirtanen-75ffca1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C371&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/05\/14-Comet-Wirtanen-75ffca1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C371&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-30531\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/05\/14-Comet-Wirtanen-75ffca1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1080&quot;\" height=\"&quot;720&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> Comet Wirtanen, captured by Peter Louer, Tenerife, 8 December 2018. Equipment: Canon EOS 600D DSLR camera, Canon 100-400mm lens, Sky-Watcher NEQ5 Pro SynScan mount.<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p>If you intend to stack images, the situation is a bit different as <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/astrophotography\/astrophoto-tips\/a-guide-to-astrophotography-stacking\/&quot;\">stacking<\/a> accumulates timed motion.<\/p>\n<p>Stack sixty 60-second exposures for example and you\u2019re integrating a scene that covers an hour\u2019s worth of cometary movement.<\/p>\n<p>Various techniques exist for processing comets with deep-sky backgrounds.<\/p>\n<p>One popular method is to process for the background stars and galaxies, getting your processing software to remove any moving objects between frames \u2013 ie, the comet.<\/p>\n<p>Then process for the comet itself, attempting to remove background stars.<\/p>\n<p>Finally, both sharp images can be combined to give a view showing the comet in sharp relief against its backdrop.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/Comet-ATLAS-captured-using-the-Altair-GPCAM2-327C-astronomy-camera-0215074.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C184,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/Comet-ATLAS-captured-using-the-Altair-GPCAM2-327C-astronomy-camera-0215074.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C184,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/Comet-ATLAS-captured-using-the-Altair-GPCAM2-327C-astronomy-camera-0215074.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C217,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/Comet-ATLAS-captured-using-the-Altair-GPCAM2-327C-astronomy-camera-0215074.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C217,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/Comet-ATLAS-captured-using-the-Altair-GPCAM2-327C-astronomy-camera-0215074.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C248,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/Comet-ATLAS-captured-using-the-Altair-GPCAM2-327C-astronomy-camera-0215074.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C248,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/Comet-ATLAS-captured-using-the-Altair-GPCAM2-327C-astronomy-camera-0215074.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C339,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/Comet-ATLAS-captured-using-the-Altair-GPCAM2-327C-astronomy-camera-0215074.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C339,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/Comet-ATLAS-captured-using-the-Altair-GPCAM2-327C-astronomy-camera-0215074.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C380,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/Comet-ATLAS-captured-using-the-Altair-GPCAM2-327C-astronomy-camera-0215074.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C380,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/Comet-ATLAS-captured-using-the-Altair-GPCAM2-327C-astronomy-camera-0215074.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C250,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/Comet-ATLAS-captured-using-the-Altair-GPCAM2-327C-astronomy-camera-0215074.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C250,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/Comet-ATLAS-captured-using-the-Altair-GPCAM2-327C-astronomy-camera-0215074.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C340,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/Comet-ATLAS-captured-using-the-Altair-GPCAM2-327C-astronomy-camera-0215074.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C340,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-50143\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/Comet-ATLAS-captured-using-the-Altair-GPCAM2-327C-astronomy-camera-0215074.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C380&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1764&quot;\" height=\"&quot;1080&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> Comet ATLAS captured using the Altair GPCAM2 327C astronomy camera. Credit: Tim Jardine<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p>Your image scale will be determined by the lens or scope attached to your camera\u2019s front.<\/p>\n<p>A lens of 600mm focal length attached to a non-full frame DSLR (eg, APS-C) will deliver a 2\u02da (long frame dimension) field.<\/p>\n<p>A full frame camera with a 1,000mm lens achieves the same field.<\/p>\n<p>An aligned tracking mount is needed.<\/p>\n<p>Set your camera\u2019s ISO to a mid-low value, say ISO 800-1600.<\/p>\n<p>For lens-based setups, fully open the lens (lowest f-number).\u00a0For 30\u201d exposures, use the camera\u2019s 30\u201d setting.<\/p>\n<p>For longer values, set the camera to bulb mode and use a remote shutter release to control shutter opening.<\/p>\n<p>Use a stopwatch to control exposure lengths.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/accurate-focussing-31dcd83.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C193,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/accurate-focussing-31dcd83.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C193,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/accurate-focussing-31dcd83.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C229,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/accurate-focussing-31dcd83.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C229,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/accurate-focussing-31dcd83.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C261,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/accurate-focussing-31dcd83.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C261,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/accurate-focussing-31dcd83.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C357,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/accurate-focussing-31dcd83.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C357,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/accurate-focussing-31dcd83.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C399&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/accurate-focussing-31dcd83.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C399&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/accurate-focussing-31dcd83.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C263,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/accurate-focussing-31dcd83.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C263,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/accurate-focussing-31dcd83.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C358,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/accurate-focussing-31dcd83.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C358,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-115582\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/accurate-focussing-31dcd83.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C399&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1200&quot;\" height=\"&quot;773&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> Accurate focusing is important, so take your time. Pre-focus on a star using your camera\u2019s Live View facility. Credit Pete Lawrence<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p>Accurate focusing is important, so take your time. Pre-focus on a star using your camera\u2019s Live View facility.<\/p>\n<p>Set the Live View display to maximum magnification. Approach focus, achieve it and wind through it. Repeat until you recognise what focus looks like, then wind to it.<\/p>\n<p>If your comet is moving slowly, you may be allowed several minutes of images to be stacked without blurring.<\/p>\n<p>DeepSkyStacker can stack and average images, allowing flats and <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/astrophotography\/astrophoto-tips\/understanding-using-dark-frames-astrophotography\/&quot;\">darks<\/a> to be used.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/astrophotography\/astrophoto-tips\/understanding-using-dark-frames-astrophotography\/&quot;\">Dark frames<\/a> are equivalent exposures with the lens cap fitted.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/astrophotography\/astrophoto-tips\/using-flat-frames-calibrate-astrophotos\/&quot;\">Flat frames<\/a> are an image of an evenly illuminated white light source, exposing to 50-70% saturation.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Photographing comets for science<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/R.Valipour.C2020F3-529e714.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C200,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/R.Valipour.C2020F3-529e714.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C200,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/R.Valipour.C2020F3-529e714.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C237,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/R.Valipour.C2020F3-529e714.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C237,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/R.Valipour.C2020F3-529e714.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C270,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/R.Valipour.C2020F3-529e714.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C270,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/R.Valipour.C2020F3-529e714.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C370&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/R.Valipour.C2020F3-529e714.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C370&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/R.Valipour.C2020F3-529e714.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C414&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/R.Valipour.C2020F3-529e714.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C414&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/R.Valipour.C2020F3-529e714.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C272,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/R.Valipour.C2020F3-529e714.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C272,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/R.Valipour.C2020F3-529e714.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C371&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/R.Valipour.C2020F3-529e714.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C371&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-51225\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2020\/07\/R.Valipour.C2020F3-529e714.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C414&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1000&quot;\" height=\"&quot;667&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> This composite of Comet NEOWISE was captured over Dizin, Iran, by Reyhaneh Valipour on 21 July 2020. Reyhaneh used a Nikon D7100 DSLR, Samyang 16 mm f\/2.0 lens.<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">Comets move, often quite rapidly, relative to the background stars.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">For this reason, mid-range ISOs and relatively short exposures between 30\u2013120 seconds are normally used.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">Dark and flat-field calibration is also essential to obtain the best and most accurate results.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">When it comes to registration-stacking, doing it on the stars will result in a blurred comet, while registering on the comet will produce trailing stars.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/14.C2020-V2JohnShort-b876e44.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C223,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/14.C2020-V2JohnShort-b876e44.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C223,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/14.C2020-V2JohnShort-b876e44.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C264,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/14.C2020-V2JohnShort-b876e44.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C264,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/14.C2020-V2JohnShort-b876e44.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C301,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/14.C2020-V2JohnShort-b876e44.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C301,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/14.C2020-V2JohnShort-b876e44.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C412,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/14.C2020-V2JohnShort-b876e44.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C412,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/14.C2020-V2JohnShort-b876e44.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C461,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/14.C2020-V2JohnShort-b876e44.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C461,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/14.C2020-V2JohnShort-b876e44.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C303,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/14.C2020-V2JohnShort-b876e44.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C303,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/14.C2020-V2JohnShort-b876e44.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C414,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/14.C2020-V2JohnShort-b876e44.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C414,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-115097\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/14.C2020-V2JohnShort-b876e44.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C461&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1452&quot;\" height=\"&quot;1080&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> Comet C\/2020 V2, John Short, Whitburn, Tyne and Wear, 20 November 2022<br\/>Equipment: Unistellar eVscope 2 Digital Smart Telescope and mount<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">More sophisticated techniques involve registering on the comet and rejecting maximum pixel values between shots.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">If a comet\u2019s movement is sufficient, this should remove most of the stars.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">Subtracting the resulting comet-only image from the original star and comet frames will isolate the star-field.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">Stacking the star-only images and recombining them with the processed comet-only image then allows you to produce a shot of a detailed comet against the background of a sharp star-field.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2022\/11\/14.C2017K2PANSTARRSJoseChambo-763cb76.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C200,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2022\/11\/14.C2017K2PANSTARRSJoseChambo-763cb76.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C200,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2022\/11\/14.C2017K2PANSTARRSJoseChambo-763cb76.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C237,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2022\/11\/14.C2017K2PANSTARRSJoseChambo-763cb76.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C237,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2022\/11\/14.C2017K2PANSTARRSJoseChambo-763cb76.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C270,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2022\/11\/14.C2017K2PANSTARRSJoseChambo-763cb76.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C270,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2022\/11\/14.C2017K2PANSTARRSJoseChambo-763cb76.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2022\/11\/14.C2017K2PANSTARRSJoseChambo-763cb76.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2022\/11\/14.C2017K2PANSTARRSJoseChambo-763cb76.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C414,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2022\/11\/14.C2017K2PANSTARRSJoseChambo-763cb76.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C414,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2022\/11\/14.C2017K2PANSTARRSJoseChambo-763cb76.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C272,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2022\/11\/14.C2017K2PANSTARRSJoseChambo-763cb76.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C272,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2022\/11\/14.C2017K2PANSTARRSJoseChambo-763cb76.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C371,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2022\/11\/14.C2017K2PANSTARRSJoseChambo-763cb76.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C371,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-113555\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2022\/11\/14.C2017K2PANSTARRSJoseChambo-763cb76.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C414&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1619&quot;\" height=\"&quot;1080&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> Comet C 2017 K2 PANSTARRS Jose Chambo, R\u00edo Hurtado, Coquimbo, Chile, 18 September 2022. Equipment: ZWO ASI2600MM Pro camera, Takahasi Epsilon 180ED f\/2.8 telescope, Paramount MyT mount<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">Submissions to organisations such as the BAA often require image filenames to be formatted in a certain way.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">For the BAA, the format <strong>cometname_yyyymmdd_hhmm_observer<\/strong> is preferred, where <strong>cometname<\/strong> is the identifier of the comet, <strong>yyyymmdd<\/strong> and <strong>hhmm<\/strong> are the date and time of the image and <strong>observer<\/strong> is the imager\u2019s name or initials.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">Scale and orientation should also be included on the image with the preferred orientation being north up and east to the left.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/12\/Comet-Leonard-Mike-Read-01-275c55a-e1674737967316.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C228,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/12\/Comet-Leonard-Mike-Read-01-275c55a-e1674737967316.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C228,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/12\/Comet-Leonard-Mike-Read-01-275c55a-e1674737967316.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/12\/Comet-Leonard-Mike-Read-01-275c55a-e1674737967316.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/12\/Comet-Leonard-Mike-Read-01-275c55a-e1674737967316.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C307,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/12\/Comet-Leonard-Mike-Read-01-275c55a-e1674737967316.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C307,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/12\/Comet-Leonard-Mike-Read-01-275c55a-e1674737967316.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C420,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/12\/Comet-Leonard-Mike-Read-01-275c55a-e1674737967316.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C420,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/12\/Comet-Leonard-Mike-Read-01-275c55a-e1674737967316.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C470&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/12\/Comet-Leonard-Mike-Read-01-275c55a-e1674737967316.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C470&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/12\/Comet-Leonard-Mike-Read-01-275c55a-e1674737967316.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C309,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/12\/Comet-Leonard-Mike-Read-01-275c55a-e1674737967316.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C309,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/12\/Comet-Leonard-Mike-Read-01-275c55a-e1674737967316.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C422,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/12\/Comet-Leonard-Mike-Read-01-275c55a-e1674737967316.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C422,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-103064\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2021\/12\/Comet-Leonard-Mike-Read-01-275c55a-e1674737967316.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C470&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1200&quot;\" height=\"&quot;910&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> Comet Leonard captured by Mike Read from Corsley, Wilshire, UK on 9 December 2021. Equipment: ASI2600MC (Optolong L Pro), RedCat51, tracked on EQ6R Pro.<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<h2><strong>How to submit your comet pics for science<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">\u201cComets are fascinating objects to observe. They are also scientifically very important since they represent material left over from the formation of the Solar System, which has been kept in deep freeze for billions of years,\u201d says Nick James (pictured), director of the British Astronomical Association Comet Section.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/Nick-James-baa-comet-41aab2a.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/Nick-James-baa-comet-41aab2a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/Nick-James-baa-comet-41aab2a.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C235,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/Nick-James-baa-comet-41aab2a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C235,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/Nick-James-baa-comet-41aab2a.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C268,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/Nick-James-baa-comet-41aab2a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C268,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/Nick-James-baa-comet-41aab2a.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C367,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/Nick-James-baa-comet-41aab2a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C367,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/Nick-James-baa-comet-41aab2a.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C410&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/Nick-James-baa-comet-41aab2a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C410&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/Nick-James-baa-comet-41aab2a.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C270,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/Nick-James-baa-comet-41aab2a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C270,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/Nick-James-baa-comet-41aab2a.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C368,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/Nick-James-baa-comet-41aab2a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C368,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-115573\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/Nick-James-baa-comet-41aab2a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C410&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1200&quot;\" height=\"&quot;794&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> Nick James, Director of the Comet Section, British Astronomical Association.<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;\">\u00a0\u201c<\/span>A rare, bright comet can be an extraordinary sight in the sky and even the more mundane objects often behave in ways that we don\u2019t expect. You never quite know what you will see when you go out to observe one.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">\u201cThe Comet Section has been around since 1891 and we aim to encourage observations of these enigmatic objects, both for pleasure and to provide valuable scientific data.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">\u201cAs with many areas of astronomy we have benefited from the revolution in digital imaging systems over the past few decades and our section officers have then necessary expertise to help observers record their sightings.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-c2022-e3-ztf-21-january-7a316d4.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C223,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-c2022-e3-ztf-21-january-7a316d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C223,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-c2022-e3-ztf-21-january-7a316d4.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C264,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-c2022-e3-ztf-21-january-7a316d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C264,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-c2022-e3-ztf-21-january-7a316d4.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C301,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-c2022-e3-ztf-21-january-7a316d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C301,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-c2022-e3-ztf-21-january-7a316d4.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C412&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-c2022-e3-ztf-21-january-7a316d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C412&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-c2022-e3-ztf-21-january-7a316d4.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C461&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-c2022-e3-ztf-21-january-7a316d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C461&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-c2022-e3-ztf-21-january-7a316d4.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C303,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-c2022-e3-ztf-21-january-7a316d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C303,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-c2022-e3-ztf-21-january-7a316d4.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C413&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-c2022-e3-ztf-21-january-7a316d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C413&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-115470\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-c2022-e3-ztf-21-january-7a316d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C461&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1096&quot;\" height=\"&quot;815&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> Stuart Atkinson captured this image of Comet C\/2033 E3 (ZTF) on 21 January 2023 from Kendal, UK. Equipment: Canon EOS 700D DSLR camera, tracking mount.<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">\u201cWhen a comet is first discovered it\u2019s important to characterise its orbit and a number of our observers submit very accurate position measurements obtained from images. Once the orbit is secure we can characterise the comet\u2019s activity by measuring how its brightness evolves.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">\u201cDespite recent developments in digital imaging, visual observers still excel in this area. In fact, visual observations are often crucial in understanding the behaviour of a comet since they allow us to compare recent observations with observations made using similar techniques many years ago.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">\u201cThe Comet section produces a newsletter, <a href=\"\/\/britastro.org\/section_information_\/comet-section-overview\/the-comets-tale&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\"><i>The Comet\u2019s Tale<\/i><\/a>, and there are often items of interest to comet observers in the BAA Journal.\u201d<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Comet astrometry<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/cooled-ccd-camera-1a65738.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C225,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/cooled-ccd-camera-1a65738.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C225,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/cooled-ccd-camera-1a65738.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C266,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/cooled-ccd-camera-1a65738.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C266,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/cooled-ccd-camera-1a65738.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C304,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/cooled-ccd-camera-1a65738.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C304,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/cooled-ccd-camera-1a65738.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C416,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/cooled-ccd-camera-1a65738.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C416,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/cooled-ccd-camera-1a65738.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C465&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/cooled-ccd-camera-1a65738.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C465&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/cooled-ccd-camera-1a65738.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C306,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/cooled-ccd-camera-1a65738.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C306,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/cooled-ccd-camera-1a65738.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C417,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/cooled-ccd-camera-1a65738.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C417,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-115576\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/cooled-ccd-camera-1a65738.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C465&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1200&quot;\" height=\"&quot;900&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\">Astrometry is the science of determining the precise positions and movements of astronomical bodies.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\">This is especially important for small Solar System bodies such as comets where such measurements help refine the object\u2019s orbit.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">The high accuracy required for the measurements places certain demands on your images.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">The world-wide clearing house for submission of positional comet measurements is the International Astronomical Union\u2019s Minor Planet Center (MPC), which maintains a detailed Guide to <a href=\"\/\/www.minorplanetcenter.net\/iau\/info\/astrometry.html&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Minor Body Astrometry<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/16213222699_111a9aa5f2_k-7b1121a-e1674738445709.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C206,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/16213222699_111a9aa5f2_k-7b1121a-e1674738445709.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C206,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/16213222699_111a9aa5f2_k-7b1121a-e1674738445709.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C244,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/16213222699_111a9aa5f2_k-7b1121a-e1674738445709.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C244,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/16213222699_111a9aa5f2_k-7b1121a-e1674738445709.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C278,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/16213222699_111a9aa5f2_k-7b1121a-e1674738445709.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C278,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/16213222699_111a9aa5f2_k-7b1121a-e1674738445709.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C381,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/16213222699_111a9aa5f2_k-7b1121a-e1674738445709.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C381,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/16213222699_111a9aa5f2_k-7b1121a-e1674738445709.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C426&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/16213222699_111a9aa5f2_k-7b1121a-e1674738445709.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C426&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/16213222699_111a9aa5f2_k-7b1121a-e1674738445709.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C281,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/16213222699_111a9aa5f2_k-7b1121a-e1674738445709.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C281,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/16213222699_111a9aa5f2_k-7b1121a-e1674738445709.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C382,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/16213222699_111a9aa5f2_k-7b1121a-e1674738445709.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C382,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-6035\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/16213222699_111a9aa5f2_k-7b1121a-e1674738445709.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C426&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1200&quot;\" height=\"&quot;825&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> Comet Lovejoy 2014 by Jaspal Chadha, London, UK. Equipment: Skywatcher Espirt 100ED, QSI 690CCD.<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">Comet astrometry is normally done using a CCD camera and an image scale of two arcseconds per pixel.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">A scale of three arcseconds per pixel is considered the lower limit of quality.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">You can work out your setup\u2019s image scale using this formula:<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><em><strong>Image scale (in arcseconds\/pixel) = (206.3 x pixel size in microns) \/ focal length in millimetres.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">To carry out astrometry on a comet requires the reduction of an image containing the comet.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">This entails identifying the star field (a process known as \u2018plate-solving\u2019), determining the position of as many stars as possible from permitted catalogues and finally working out the position of the comet using a least-squares plate-constants (LSPC) solution.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">This process must be done using software; manual reductions are not considered accurate enough.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/Comet-Lovejoy-S@N-27e991f-e1674738475509.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C200,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/Comet-Lovejoy-S@N-27e991f-e1674738475509.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C200,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/Comet-Lovejoy-S@N-27e991f-e1674738475509.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C237,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/Comet-Lovejoy-S@N-27e991f-e1674738475509.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C237,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/Comet-Lovejoy-S@N-27e991f-e1674738475509.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C270,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/Comet-Lovejoy-S@N-27e991f-e1674738475509.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C270,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/Comet-Lovejoy-S@N-27e991f-e1674738475509.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/Comet-Lovejoy-S@N-27e991f-e1674738475509.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/Comet-Lovejoy-S@N-27e991f-e1674738475509.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/Comet-Lovejoy-S@N-27e991f-e1674738475509.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/Comet-Lovejoy-S@N-27e991f-e1674738475509.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C272,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/Comet-Lovejoy-S@N-27e991f-e1674738475509.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C272,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/Comet-Lovejoy-S@N-27e991f-e1674738475509.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C371,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/Comet-Lovejoy-S@N-27e991f-e1674738475509.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C371,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-5959\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2019\/02\/Comet-Lovejoy-S@N-27e991f-e1674738475509.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1200&quot;\" height=\"&quot;800&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> Comet C\/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy) by Bill McSorley, Leeds, UK. Equipment: SW150P, HEQ5 Pro Mount, QHY8L cooled ccd.<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">Submissions to the MPC must follow strict formatting guidelines.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">Two submission forms are permitted: one for permanent observatories and one for roving observations.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">A permanent observatory will ultimately be given a three-digit MPC observatory code, while a roving observation will use the observatory code 247 along with extra data to precisely identify where the observation was made on Earth\u2019s surface.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">There are full details on how to obtain a permanent observatory code from the MPC in the Guide to Minor Body Astrometry mentioned earlier. <span class=\"&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\">The astrometry software listed under recommended software at the top of this article will produce the required MPC submission format automatically.<\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><em><strong>Get more information about <a href=\"&quot;http:\/\/minorplanetcenter.net\/iau\/info\/OpticalObs.html&quot;\">permanent observatory submissions<\/a> and <a href=\"\/\/minorplanetcenter.net\/iau\/info\/RovingObs.html&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">roving observations<\/a>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Comet photometry<\/strong><\/h2>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometry-a76e3e1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C201,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometry-a76e3e1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C201,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometry-a76e3e1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C238,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometry-a76e3e1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C238,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometry-a76e3e1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometry-a76e3e1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometry-a76e3e1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C371&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometry-a76e3e1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C371&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometry-a76e3e1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C415&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometry-a76e3e1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C415&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometry-a76e3e1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C273,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometry-a76e3e1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C273,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometry-a76e3e1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C372&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometry-a76e3e1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C372&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-115578\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometry-a76e3e1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C415&quot;\" width=\"&quot;857&quot;\" height=\"&quot;574&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> One issue when measuring a comet\u2019s brightness in an interactive program such as MaximDL is determining an \u2018aperture\u2019 size to encompass the entire comet head. Credit: Pete Lawrence<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Photometry is the science of measuring an object\u2019s brightness and there are a number of important aspects to consider when performing photometric measurements on comets. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Firstly, images need to be pre-calibrated using matching flat and dark frames.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">As sky brightness makes a contribution to the comet\u2019s brightness, this too needs to be measured.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Some programs, such as MaximDL, perform this function using an aperture and an annulus.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p1&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">The aperture measures the comet\u2019s brightness while the annulus is used to measure the background sky brightness.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-object-aperture-2c13b86.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C205,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-object-aperture-2c13b86.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C205,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-object-aperture-2c13b86.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C243,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-object-aperture-2c13b86.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C243,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-object-aperture-2c13b86.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C277,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-object-aperture-2c13b86.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C277,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-object-aperture-2c13b86.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C379&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-object-aperture-2c13b86.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C379&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-object-aperture-2c13b86.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C424&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-object-aperture-2c13b86.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C424&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-object-aperture-2c13b86.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C279,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-object-aperture-2c13b86.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C279,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-object-aperture-2c13b86.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C380&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-object-aperture-2c13b86.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C380&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-115579\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-object-aperture-2c13b86.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C424&quot;\" width=\"&quot;820&quot;\" height=\"&quot;561&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> An object aperture should contain the comet\u2019s head. The inner annulus is a gap, adjusted under software to ideally contain no stars. Credit: Pete Lawrence<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">The BAA program Comphot (see Hardware &amp; Software, above) can be used to perform photometry on comet images.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">This requires two FITS images as a source, one stacked on the background stars and the other on the comet.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">This is a command line program normally initiated by typing: <strong>comphot offset.fit fixed.fit x y<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Here <strong>offset.fit<\/strong> is the image stacked on the comet, and <strong>fixed.fit<\/strong> is the image stacked on the stars.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">Both files are in the FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) file format, a technical format preferred for astrometry and photometry.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">The x and y values are the coordinates of the comet\u2019s coma centre and can be derived by using a position-measuring program such as Astrometrica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">The UCAC-4 star catalogue is recommended for positional measurements.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">As the coma contains reflected sunlight as well as light generated by excited coma atoms and molecules, specialist photometric filters are normally used for imaging.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometric-filter-v-r-band-9730014.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C151,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometric-filter-v-r-band-9730014.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=300%2C151,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometric-filter-v-r-band-9730014.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C179,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometric-filter-v-r-band-9730014.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=355%2C179,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometric-filter-v-r-band-9730014.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C204,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometric-filter-v-r-band-9730014.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=405%2C204,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometric-filter-v-r-band-9730014.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C279,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometric-filter-v-r-band-9730014.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C279,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometric-filter-v-r-band-9730014.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C312&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometric-filter-v-r-band-9730014.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C312&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometric-filter-v-r-band-9730014.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C205,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometric-filter-v-r-band-9730014.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=408%2C205,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometric-filter-v-r-band-9730014.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C280,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometric-filter-v-r-band-9730014.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=556%2C280,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-115580\" align=\"\" size-full=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/25\/2023\/01\/comet-photometric-filter-v-r-band-9730014.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C312&quot;\" width=\"&quot;1200&quot;\" height=\"&quot;604&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> Common photometric filters used for comets are V- and R-band filters. They help to isolate reflected sunlight from excitation radiation from within the coma. Credit: Pete Lawrence<\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">If you\u2019re using FITS images from a CCD without a filter, R-band magnitude values should be selected in Astrometrica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">If using a green filter, V-band magnitudes should be used.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">An R-band filter is a red filter typically centred on 658nm, while the V-band filter is centred on the visual wavelength at 551nm.<span class=\"&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">The Comphot software is capable of outputting its measured findings in the correct format required by the International Comet Quarterly (ICQ).<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"&quot;p2&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;s1&quot;\">The ICQ requires that this data follows a strict submission format. Details of this format are available at the <a href=\"\/\/www.icq.eps.harvard.edu\/ICQFormat.html&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">ICQ observation format webpage<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>Have you managed to capture an image of a comet? Send it to us via <a href=\"contactus@skyatnightmagazine.com&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">contactus@skyatnightmagazine.com<\/a> or share it with us via <a href=\"\/\/www.facebook.com\/SkyatNightMagazine\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Facebook<\/a>, <a href=\"\/\/twitter.com\/skyatnightmag&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Twitter<\/a> and <a href=\"\/\/www.instagram.com\/bbcskyatnightmag\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Instagram<\/a>.<\/strong><\/em><\/p> <\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Pete Lawrence Published: Thursday, 26 January 2023 at 12:00 am Have you ever wanted to photograph a comet? Photographs of comets can be absolutely spectacular and, as comets are so unpredicatable, they can require a bit of luck and timing to produce something with that \u2018wow\u2019 factor. But as well as producing wonderful astrophotography [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":41025,"template":"","categories":[34],"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"12"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2023\/01\/how-to-photograph-a-comet.jpg",1200,800,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2023\/01\/how-to-photograph-a-comet-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2023\/01\/how-to-photograph-a-comet-300x200.jpg",300,200,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2023\/01\/how-to-photograph-a-comet-768x512.jpg",768,512,true],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2023\/01\/how-to-photograph-a-comet-1024x683.jpg",800,534,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2023\/01\/how-to-photograph-a-comet.jpg",1200,800,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2023\/01\/how-to-photograph-a-comet.jpg",1200,800,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"By Pete Lawrence Published: Thursday, 26 January 2023 at 12:00 am Have you ever wanted to photograph a comet? Photographs of comets can be absolutely spectacular and, as comets are so unpredicatable, they can require a bit of luck and timing to produce something with that \u2018wow\u2019 factor. But as well as producing wonderful astrophotography&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/41024"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/41025"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=41024"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=41024"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}