{"id":57849,"date":"2024-04-26T06:27:11","date_gmt":"2024-04-26T06:27:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/8615a368-570d-455a-8e2a-27f5077de4aa"},"modified":"2024-04-26T07:09:42","modified_gmt":"2024-04-26T07:09:42","slug":"what-is-a-supernova-a-complete-guide-to-exploding-stars-and-how-astronomers-observe-them","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/rss_feed\/what-is-a-supernova-a-complete-guide-to-exploding-stars-and-how-astronomers-observe-them\/","title":{"rendered":"What is a supernova? A complete guide to exploding stars and how astronomers observe them"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"rssexcerpt\">What is a supernova? We explore what the Universe\u2019s most sudden \u2013 and violent \u2013 events can tell us. <\/p><p class=\"rssauthor\">By Ezzy Pearson\n      <\/p><p class=\"rssbyline\">Published: Friday, 26 April 2024 at 06:27 AM<\/p><hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body><p>When large stars reach the end of their lives they explode in a supernova, one of the most sudden and violent events in the sky.<\/p><p>Large stars live fast and die young. They, like stars of all sizes, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-science\/how-stars-shine\">create light by converting hydrogen to helium in a process known as nuclear fusion<\/a>.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"What is a supernova and why do astronomers study them?\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/VS6aWIYpgcY?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><p>But in the most massive <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-science\/beginners-guide-stars\/\">stars<\/a> this process is rapidly accelerated, meaning that they can burn through their stores of hydrogen gas in as little as a few million years.<\/p><p>Compare this to the Sun, which has a lifespan estimated to be 10 billion years.<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How a supernova happens, step-by-step<\/strong><\/h2><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The remnants of SN 1181, a supernova explosion that was visible in the night sky in the year 1181. Credit: X-ray: (Chandra) NASA\/CXC\/U. Manitoba\/C. Treyturik, (XMM-Newton) ESA\/C. Treyturik; Optical: (Pan-STARRS) NOIRLab\/MDM\/Dartmouth\/R. Fesen; Infrared: (WISE) NASA\/JPL\/Caltech\/; Image Processing: Univ. of Manitoba\/Gilles Ferrand and Jayanne English<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Stars live in a delicate balance between two opposing forces: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-science\/what-is-gravity-facts-about-force\">gravity<\/a> trying to make them collapse inwards and thermal pressure of nuclear fusion exerting outward pressure.<\/p><p>As the hydrogen in the core gets used up, the star begins to convert helium into heavier elements.<\/p><p>At first lithium and oxygen, before working all the way up the periodic table to iron.<\/p><p>Heavier elements cause the core to become more dense, increasing its gravitational pull.<\/p><p>Fusion reactions also release less energy to balance this out.<\/p><p>All the star has to act against gravity is electron degeneracy pressure, the resistance to having more than one electron in the same place at the same time.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2021\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2023\/05\/SN2023ixf-supernova-collage-c1b7d5a.jpg\" alt=\"A collage showing the appearance of supernova SN 2023ixf in galaxy M101, captured by Martin Bracken, Essex, UK, 16 - 22 May 2023. Equipment: ZWO ASI585MC camera, Sky-Watcher Esprit 100 ED triplet, Sky-Watcher HEQ5 Pro mount.\" class=\"wp-image-118997\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A collage showing the appearance of supernova SN 2023ixf in galaxy M101, captured by Martin Bracken, Essex, UK, 16 &#8211; 22 May 2023. Equipment: ZWO ASI585MC camera, Sky-Watcher Esprit 100 ED triplet, Sky-Watcher HEQ5 Pro mount.<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>When the core reaches a critical density of 1.4 solar masses, known as the Chandrasekhar limit, even the plucky electrons can\u2019t keep up the fight.<\/p><p>The star\u2019s core collapses in a matter of seconds, quickly followed by the outer layers of gas rushing in at as fast as 25% the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-science\/speed-of-light\">speed of light<\/a>.<\/p><p>The core continues to collapse until the resistance between atomic particles stops it from collapsing any further.<\/p><p>All the atomic nuclei are tightly packed together by now, creating a solid surface.<\/p><p>Normally, this tightly packed ball remains as a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-science\/neutron-star\/\">neutron star<\/a>.<\/p><p>If the core is massive enough it may continue to collapse even further, creating a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-science\/black-hole\">black hole<\/a>.<\/p><p>The gas that was rushing in at incredible speeds strikes against the now solid surface of the neutron star.<\/p><p>It rebounds in a massive shockwave that ends in a huge explosion \u2013 the supernova.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"531\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2019\/04\/Type-ia-supernova-b313ada.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's impression of a binary star system, one of which is a white dwarf. The white dwarf steals material from its neighbour and eventually explodes, causing a Type Ia supernova. Credit: NASA\" class=\"wp-image-26590\" title=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Artist&#8217;s impression of a binary star system, one of which is a white dwarf. The white dwarf steals material from its neighbour and eventually explodes, causing a Type Ia supernova. Credit: NASA<\/figcaption><\/figure><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-astronomers-observe-supernovae\"><strong>How astronomers observe supernovae<\/strong><\/h2><p>A supernova creates a huge amount of light for a short amount of time.<\/p><p>Astronomers hoping to study such fleeting events look for points of light that suddenly appear in the night sky.<\/p><p>Originally this was done by eye, and some amateur astronomers still search for supernovae at the eyepiece.<\/p><p>But most professional supernova surveys nowadays use automated systems to image the sky, searching for \u2018stars\u2019 that weren\u2019t there the night before.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2023\/09\/webb-1987a-labelled-1024x951.jpg?fit=800%2C743\" alt=\"James Webb Space Telescope image of Supernova 1987A, with annotations. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, M. Matsuura (Cardiff University), R. Arendt (NASA\u2019s Goddard Spaceflight Center &amp; University of Maryland, Baltimore County), C. Fransson (Stockholm University), and J. Larsson (KTH Royal Institute of Technology). Image Processing: A. Pagan\" class=\"wp-image-139866\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">James Webb Space Telescope image of Supernova 1987A, with annotations. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, M. Matsuura (Cardiff University), R. Arendt (NASA\u2019s Goddard Spaceflight Center &amp; University of Maryland, Baltimore County), C. Fransson (Stockholm University), and J. Larsson (KTH Royal Institute of Technology). Image Processing: A. Pagan<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Not everything they find is an exploding star, however.<\/p><p>Some explosions are dimmer nova, where the interaction between a pair of stars causes one to temporarily flare up.<\/p><p>In August 2017, researchers observed a kilonova for the first time, a much brighter explosion caused by the collision between two neutron stars.<\/p><p>These are thought to be the origin of all naturally occurring elements heavier than iron.<\/p><p>More common is for astronomers to observe a supernova remnant, which is the expanding glowing cloud of cosmic gas and dust left over from the explosion.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"864\" height=\"919\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2022\/03\/06.Composite_CassiopeiaA-9b04d7f.jpg\" alt=\"Multiwavelength composite image (x-ray, radio and optical) of supernova remnant Cassiopeia A. Credit: X-ray: NASA\/CXC\/SAO; Optical: NASA\/STScI; Radio: NSF\/NRAO\/VLA\" class=\"wp-image-106325\" title=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Multiwavelength composite image (x-ray, radio and optical) of supernova remnant Cassiopeia A. Credit: X-ray: NASA\/CXC\/SAO; Optical: NASA\/STScI; Radio: NSF\/NRAO\/VLA<\/figcaption><\/figure><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-how-astronomers-observe-a-supernova\"><strong>How astronomers observe a supernova<\/strong><\/h2><p>To uncover what kind of nova an explosion might be, researchers have to watch how the light from the bright, new object changes.<\/p><p>But they need to be quick, because after the explosion the light quickly fades from view.<\/p><p>Once a new supernova is found, astronomers notify all the telescopes in the world that might be able to observe the star.<\/p><p>They take brightness measurements across different wavelengths and use <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-science\/splitting-starlight-science-spectroscopy\">spectroscopy<\/a> to discern which elements were in the star when it exploded.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"973\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2019\/11\/Supernova-remnant-afc6ceb-e1678970950837.jpg\" alt=\"Supernova remnant LMC N63A. Credit Enhanced Image by Judy Schmidt (CC BY-NC-SA) based on images provided courtesy of NASA\/CXC\/SAO &amp; NASA\/STScI.)\" class=\"wp-image-42460\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Supernova remnant LMC N63A. Credit Enhanced Image by Judy Schmidt (CC BY-NC-SA) based on images provided courtesy of NASA\/CXC\/SAO &amp; NASA\/STScI.)<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>These elements don\u2019t just disperse into the Universe, but instead form a type of nebula called a supernova remnant.<\/p><p>These nebulae are rich in hydrogen gas, which clumps together to form the next generation of stars.<\/p><p>Meanwhile, the heavy elements coalesce together, eventually forming planetary systems around the stars in the nebula.<\/p><p>By studying supernovae, researchers not only grow to understand the life cycles of massive stars, but also the origins of planets too.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2019\/07\/hs-2015-29-a-xlarge_web-9d9032d.jpg\" alt=\"Who says science can't be artistic? A beautiful image of the Veil Nebula supernova remnant. Credit: NASA\/ESA\/Hubble Heritage Team\" class=\"wp-image-39066\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Who says science can&#8217;t be artistic? A beautiful image of the Veil Nebula supernova remnant. Credit: NASA\/ESA\/Hubble Heritage Team<\/figcaption><\/figure><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-types-of-supernova\"><strong>Types of supernova<\/strong><\/h2><p>The state of a star before it collapses can change the supernova it creates.<\/p><p>There are two main categories of supernova, depending on how much hydrogen is seen in the afterglow.<\/p><p>Type I supernovae contain a small amount of hydrogen, Type II contain more.<\/p><p>Type II supernovae originate from the biggest stars, which have a very short lifespan so their outer layers of hydrogen gas are still intact when they explode.<\/p><p>Slightly smaller stars might lose this layer over time, either through their own solar wind or because a neighbouring star strips away the gas.<\/p><p>In Type Ib supernovae, the outer layer of hydrogen has been lost, while Type Ic have shed their helium as well.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"780\" height=\"490\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2021\/03\/Type-1-a-supernova-step-01-1a50e47.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's impression of a Type 1a supernova. Credit: ESA\/ATG medialab\" class=\"wp-image-60504\" title=\"\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Artist&#8217;s impression of a Type 1a supernova. Credit: ESA\/ATG medialab<\/figcaption><\/figure><p>Type Ia supernovae are created by smaller stars that get locked in a tight binary pair with a smaller white dwarf.<\/p><p>The white dwarf steals material from its neighbour, until it reaches the critical mass to cause an explosion.<\/p><p>As an explosion\u2019s brightness is linked to the star&#8217;s mass, Type Ia supernovae always have the same luminosity.<\/p><p>So astronomers can observe how bright it appears, compare to how bright it really is, and use that information to measure its distance.<\/p> <\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is a supernova? 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We explore what the Universe\u2019s most sudden \u2013 and violent \u2013 events can tell us.","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/57849"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/57850"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=57849"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=57849"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}