{"id":58672,"date":"2024-05-08T08:02:32","date_gmt":"2024-05-08T08:02:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/5778ffa3-9726-48dd-a181-f865302ea0d5"},"modified":"2024-05-08T08:08:25","modified_gmt":"2024-05-08T08:08:25","slug":"like-shutting-off-earths-power-nasa-fired-rockets-at-the-solar-eclipse-to-measure-its-effect-on-our-planets-atmosphere","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/rss_feed\/like-shutting-off-earths-power-nasa-fired-rockets-at-the-solar-eclipse-to-measure-its-effect-on-our-planets-atmosphere\/","title":{"rendered":"&#8220;Like shutting off Earth&#8217;s power&#8221;. NASA fired rockets at the solar eclipse to measure its effect on our planet&#8217;s atmosphere"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"rssexcerpt\"> <\/p><p class=\"rssauthor\">By Anita Chandran\n      <\/p><p class=\"rssbyline\">Published: Wednesday, 08 May 2024 at 08:02 AM<\/p><hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body><p>While most eyes were on the Sun during the April 8 2024 total solar eclipse, scientists were using the event to discover how Earth\u2019s atmosphere behaves when the Sun is blocked.<\/p><p>One such mission was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/news\/nasa-apep-eclipse\">NASA&#8217;s APEP (Atmospheric Perturbations Around the Eclipse Path)<\/a> mission, part of a USA-wide science initiative to examine how a total <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/astrophotography\/sun\/solar-eclipses\">solar eclipse<\/a> affects Earth&#8217;s atmosphere.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Solar Eclipse Sounding Rocket Launches from NASA Wallops Flight Facility (Official Broadcast)\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/eqzUSLUAGE0?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/><\/div><\/figure><p>Robert Clayton is a research scientist at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Florida, who studies phenomena in Earth\u2019s atmospheric plasma.<\/p><p>He was part of the APEP team, and we got the chance to catch up with him to find out what it involved, and what he and the team are hoping to discover.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"\/><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-happens-to-earth-s-atmosphere-during-a-solar-eclipse-nbsp\"><strong>What happens to Earth\u2019s atmosphere during a solar eclipse?\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2><p>During an eclipse, the Sun is obscured by the Moon as it passes in front of Earth.<\/p><p>The Sun is a source of a lot of Earth\u2019s energy. When the Moon obscures that, it\u2019s like shutting off Earth\u2019s power.<\/p><p>That causes a variety of effects.<\/p><p>The atmosphere gets a lot colder, which could change the wind patterns; if you\u2019re standing under the solar eclipse, you can feel this drop in temperature.<\/p><p>There are also changes in condensation and precipitation, like when you start up a cold car and suddenly get condensation all over the windows.<\/p><p>You cause a bunch of turbulence, ending up with a very cold region that travels across Earth, surrounded by hot regions where the Sun is still warming up the rest of the atmosphere.<\/p><p>We\u2019re trying to study that atmospheric irregularity, particularly to look at how it stirs up the neutral particles and charged particles \u2013 or plasma \u2013 in the ionosphere.\u00a0<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2024\/04\/sen-eclipse-from-space-1024x759.jpg?fit=800%2C593\" alt=\"A total solar eclipse casts a deep shadow on a portion of Earth. This is a view of the April 8 2024 solar eclipse from space, captured in 4K by a Sen satellite in low Earth orbit. Credit: Sen\" class=\"wp-image-149376\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A total solar eclipse casts a deep shadow on a portion of Earth. This is a view of the April 8 2024 solar eclipse from space, captured in 4K by a Sen satellite in low Earth orbit. Credit: Sen<\/figcaption><\/figure><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-is-earth-s-ionosphere-nbsp\"><strong>What is Earth\u2019s ionosphere?\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2><p>It\u2019s part of our atmosphere. We\u2019re studying an altitude range between 70km and 150km (43\u201393 miles) above Earth\u2019s surface.<\/p><p>This region has both plasma and neutral particles.<\/p><p>If you go much higher, almost everything is charged or \u2018ionised\u2019 and there are not a lot of neutral gases.<\/p><p>Go much lower than the ionosphere and you run into the opposite problem: almost everything is neutral, like the air we breathe.<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2024\/04\/apep-rocket-launch-1024x527.jpg?fit=800%2C412\" alt=\"Illustration showing the launch of NASA's APEP mission to study the April 8 solar eclipse. Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center\" class=\"wp-image-149034\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Illustration showing the launch of NASA&#8217;s APEP mission to study the April 8 solar eclipse. Credit: NASA&#8217;s Goddard Space Flight Center<\/figcaption><\/figure><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-changes-are-you-hoping-to-detect-in-the-ionosphere-nbsp\"><strong>What changes are you hoping to detect in the ionosphere?\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2><p>We\u2019re trying to look at the density of the plasma there. In theory, when the Sun\u2019s energy is removed, the number of charged particles should fall.<\/p><p>This creates a gap under the eclipse with fewer charged particles.<\/p><p>Particles outside this gap then try to flow in to fill the void.<\/p><p>As the particles flow in, this creates the turbulence that we\u2019re trying to measure.<\/p><p>This will tell us about the behaviour of the ionosphere\u2019s plasma.<\/p><p>Computational modelling is a big part of what we do, other than the measurements themselves. By assimilating all this information, we can build a picture of what\u2019s going on.\u00a0<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-your-work-is-part-of-nasa-s-apep-mission-what-is-that\"><strong>Your work is part of NASA\u2019s APEP mission. What is that?<\/strong><\/h2><p>APEP (Atmospheric Perturbations Around the Eclipse Path) is part of a nationwide science campaign in the US to understand the atmosphere during the eclipse.<\/p><p>It targets plasma density and temperature, and works in conjunction with other measurements, like ground-based observations and satellite studies.<\/p><p>We launched a series of three rockets: one before the eclipse, to study the initial state of the atmosphere; one during the eclipse, to study its direct effects; and one after, to study the system as it recovers back to its normal state.\u00a0<\/p><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2024\/04\/April-8-eclipse-Kerrville-10-1024x521.jpg?fit=800%2C407\" alt=\"Just past the point of maximum totality. Credit: Yvette Cook\" class=\"wp-image-149180\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Just past the point of maximum totality during the April 8 total solar eclipse, daytime is plunged into darkness. Credit: Yvette Cook<\/figcaption><\/figure><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-are-the-rockets-and-instruments-like\"><strong>What are the rockets and instruments like?<\/strong><\/h2><p>We used sounding rockets. A full flight is a little over 10 minutes, and the timing is crucial.<\/p><p>You want to make sure the rocket is launched in time to see each stage of the eclipse.<\/p><p>Most of the instruments we built are called Langmuir probes.<\/p><p>When you take an exposed piece of metal and put it inside a plasma, like in the ionosphere, it will collect charged particles because metal is a conductor.<\/p><p>The more plasma, the more charged particles are collected.\u00a0<\/p><p>So, we use these probes to tell us about the density of the plasma in the ionosphere. We also measure the magnetic field strength with magnetometers, and atmospheric drag with accelerometers.\u00a0<\/p><h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-s-next-for-your-team\"><strong>What\u2019s next for your team?<\/strong><\/h2><p>We have a lot of data processing to do. There were 14 instruments per rocket, so that\u2019s 42 in total.<\/p><p>We have to go through and ensure that we interpret all that information correctly and combine that with NASA data, so we know what direction the rockets were facing at any given time.<\/p><p>We have another mission called SEED that uses a similar set of instruments; it will launch next year and we\u2019re also simultaneously building the hardware for that.<\/p><p><strong><em>This interview appeared in the June 2024 issue of BBC Sky at Night Magazine<\/em><\/strong><\/p> <\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Anita Chandran Published: Wednesday, 08 May 2024 at 08:02 AM While most eyes were on the Sun during the April 8 2024 total solar eclipse, scientists were using the event to discover how Earth\u2019s atmosphere behaves when the Sun is blocked. One such mission was NASA&#8217;s APEP (Atmospheric Perturbations Around the Eclipse Path) mission, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":58673,"template":"","categories":[1],"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"5"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2024\/05\/like-shutting-off-earths-power-nasa-fired-rockets-at-the-solar-eclipse-to-measure-its-effect-on-our-planets-atmosphere.jpg",1200,890,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2024\/05\/like-shutting-off-earths-power-nasa-fired-rockets-at-the-solar-eclipse-to-measure-its-effect-on-our-planets-atmosphere-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2024\/05\/like-shutting-off-earths-power-nasa-fired-rockets-at-the-solar-eclipse-to-measure-its-effect-on-our-planets-atmosphere-300x223.jpg",300,223,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2024\/05\/like-shutting-off-earths-power-nasa-fired-rockets-at-the-solar-eclipse-to-measure-its-effect-on-our-planets-atmosphere-768x570.jpg",768,570,true],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2024\/05\/like-shutting-off-earths-power-nasa-fired-rockets-at-the-solar-eclipse-to-measure-its-effect-on-our-planets-atmosphere-1024x759.jpg",800,593,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2024\/05\/like-shutting-off-earths-power-nasa-fired-rockets-at-the-solar-eclipse-to-measure-its-effect-on-our-planets-atmosphere.jpg",1200,890,false],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/77\/2024\/05\/like-shutting-off-earths-power-nasa-fired-rockets-at-the-solar-eclipse-to-measure-its-effect-on-our-planets-atmosphere.jpg",1200,890,false]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"By Anita Chandran Published: Wednesday, 08 May 2024 at 08:02 AM While most eyes were on the Sun during the April 8 2024 total solar eclipse, scientists were using the event to discover how Earth\u2019s atmosphere behaves when the Sun is blocked. One such mission was NASA&#8217;s APEP (Atmospheric Perturbations Around the Eclipse Path) mission,&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/58672"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/58673"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=58672"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=58672"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}