{"id":67016,"date":"2024-12-05T11:39:13","date_gmt":"2024-12-05T11:39:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/cd6f7d13-401f-4965-83bb-ff7ad6d43253"},"modified":"2024-12-05T13:39:38","modified_gmt":"2024-12-05T13:39:38","slug":"elon-musk-wants-to-colonise-mars-but-could-we-really-live-on-the-red-planet-we-asked-an-astrophysicist","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/rss_feed\/elon-musk-wants-to-colonise-mars-but-could-we-really-live-on-the-red-planet-we-asked-an-astrophysicist\/","title":{"rendered":"Elon Musk wants to colonise Mars, but could we really live on the Red Planet? We asked an astrophysicist"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"rssexcerpt\">The prospect of humans setting foot on Mars seems to become more of a reality with each passing year. But could we actually get there, and is life on Mars really possible? <\/p><p class=\"rssauthor\">By Iain Todd\n      <\/p><p class=\"rssbyline\">Published: Thursday, 05 December 2024 at 11:39 AM<\/p><hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html> <head\/> <body> <p>If you&#8217;ve been following the latest discussions on the prospect of humans travelling to and colonising Mars, you&#8217;ll be more than aware of the dialogue that&#8217;s opened up between SpaceX founder Elon Musk and astrophysicist Neil DeGrasse Tyson recently.<\/p> <p>DeGrasse Tyson appeared on the US talkshow Real Time with Bill Maher on 22 November 2024, and was asked about Musk&#8217;s plans to colonise Mars and make it fit for human survival.<\/p> <p>To put it mildly, DeGrasse Tyson was skeptical about both the reality and the reason for terraforming Mars and turning it into a human habitat.<\/p> <p>Musk then responded to DeGrasse Tyson via X (formerly Twitter), stating that &#8220;Mars is critical to the long-term survival of consciousness.&#8221;<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-twitter wp-block-embed-twitter\"> <div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"> <blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\"> <p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Wow, they really don\u2019t get it.<\/p> <p>Mars is critical to the long-term survival of consciousness.<\/p> <p>Also, I\u2019m not going to ask any venture capitalists for money. I realize that it makes no sense as an investment. That\u2019s why I\u2019m gathering resources. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/XVCpHKlusD\">https:\/\/t.co\/XVCpHKlusD<\/a><\/p> <p>\u2014 Elon Musk (@elonmusk) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/elonmusk\/status\/1860322925783445956?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">November 23, 2024<\/a><\/p> <\/blockquote> <p> <script async=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"\/><\/p> <\/div> <\/figure> <p>But could humans really make the journey to Mars, and could we turn it into a habitable planet?<\/p> <p>More to the point: should we? What are the ethical considerations of colonising Mars and making it fit for human habitation?<\/p> <p>David A. Weintraub is professor of astronomy at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vanderbilt.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Vanderbilt University<\/a>, and is the author of <a href=\"https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/titles\/11233.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">On Mars: What to Know Before We Go<\/a>, in which he explores the difficulties associated with getting humans to Mars.<\/p> <p>Back in 2018 we spoke to Weintraub about humanity's fascination with the Red Planet, and how close we are to setting foot on its barren surface.<\/p> <p>SQUIRREL_13161845<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-landscape_thumbnail\">  <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> David A. Weintraub (Vanderbilt University - Steve Green) <\/figcaption> <\/figure> <h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Why is humanity so fascinated with Mars?<\/strong><\/h2> <p>From early telescopic studies of Mars several hundred years ago - really from the get-go of the invention of the telescope - astronomers discovered that Mars has a rotation period that is almost the same as Earth, just a bit more than 24 hours.<\/p> <p>A few decades later, they discovered that Mars has polar caps and that it has seasons.<\/p> <p>The seasons are longer than Earth\u2019s because Mars\u2019s year is longer.<\/p> <p>Mars\u2019s rotation axis is tilted about the same as Earth\u2019s, it\u2019s a rocky planet with a solid surface and a thin atmosphere: these are all Earth-like qualities.<\/p> <p>And Mars is far more Earth-like than any planet in the Solar System, which makes it so appealing.<\/p> <p>Also, because it is so close, early astronomers with telescopes could more easily study Mars than other planets.<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2190\" height=\"1369\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2024\/03\/GettyImages-1192970538.jpg\" alt=\"Astronauts terraforming Mars. Is it really possible to terraform a planet? Credit: Mark Stevenson\/Stocktrek Images\" class=\"wp-image-147545\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Is it really possible to terraform a planet like Mars and live on it? Credit: Mark Stevenson\/Stocktrek Images <\/figcaption> <\/figure> <p>Venus is boring, because it has such thick clouds! We can\u2019t see anything on Venus, even though it\u2019s relatively near by.<\/p> <p>Astronomers didn\u2019t understand that until the 20th century, but they understood that they just couldn\u2019t learn anything about Venus.<\/p> <p>Jupiter and Saturn are much farther away, but Mars is close and it\u2019s Earth-like.<\/p> <p>Then in the 19th century in the early days of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-science\/splitting-starlight-science-spectroscopy\">spectroscopy<\/a>, astronomers 'discovered' - incorrectly I should point out - that Mars had a lot of water vapour, and appeared to have features on the surface that some 19th century astronomers decided were canals.<\/p> <p>Mars does have water, but the 19th century observations that showed Mars had water were wrong!<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"578\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2020\/01\/LowellMars-5dec97f-scaled-e1678955838788.jpg\" alt=\"Drawings of Mars, its 'canals' and polar ice caps, from observations made at the Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona, US, 8-12 July, 1907. Photo by Ann Ronan Pictures\/Print Collector\/Getty Images\" class=\"wp-image-44662\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Drawings of Mars, its 'canals' and polar ice caps, from observations made at the Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, Arizona, US, 8-12 July, 1907. Photo by Ann Ronan Pictures\/Print Collector\/Getty Images <\/figcaption> <\/figure> <h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Early astronomers thought Mars had vegetation too, didn't they?<\/strong><\/h2> <p>They did! They certainly didn\u2019t make any measurements that proved Mars has vegetation because, of course, Mars doesn\u2019t have vegetation.<\/p> <p>But the early observations of Mars in the 19th century were mostly focussed on the colours of Mars.<\/p> <p>The dark colours were interpreted as vegetation, which is puzzling because the dark colours on the Moon are not interpreted as vegetation.<\/p> <p>However, because astronomers already had in their minds an idea that Mars was Earth-like, they just decided that the dark colours meant plants.<\/p> <p>The red colours seemed to indicate plant life on the surface, but these red colours are actually surface features and are also often dust storms.<\/p> <p>As these dust clouds form and swirl around Mars, it could appear as if the vegetation was expanding across the surface, which they took to mean that it was growing rapidly.<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2880\" height=\"1800\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2018\/05\/Mars-alluvial-fans-a6b25c4.jpg\" alt=\"Mars has no vegetation, but it does have a wealth of geological features connected with its watery past. These are alluvial fans, formed by water moving sediment across the surface. Credit: NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/Univ. of Arizona\" class=\"wp-image-31864\" title=\"Mars-alluvial-fans\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Mars has no vegetation, but it does have a wealth of geological features connected with its watery past. These are alluvial fans, formed by water moving sediment across the surface. Credit: NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/Univ. of Arizona <\/figcaption> <\/figure> <h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What are the obstacles in getting humans on Mars?<\/strong><\/h2> <p>The main obstacle is building a rocket that\u2019s big enough to send the pioneer astronauts, but which also has all the life support systems they need to keep them alive.<\/p> <p>We\u2019re good at sending rockets to Mars with rovers and telescopes, but those don\u2019t have life support systems for astronauts.<\/p> <p>They don\u2019t have the food, the oxygen tanks, everything that is needed to keep astronauts alive.<\/p> <p>What\u2019s needed is a bigger rocket, but I think these bigger rockets are moving forward in the design phase.<\/p> <p>We don\u2019t need something bigger than the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-missions\/saturn-v-rocket-history-facts\">Saturn V<\/a> that brought astronauts to the Moon a generation ago: it just has to go further.<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2023\/05\/skylab-launch-f070ce3.jpg\" alt=\"14 May 1973: the uncrewed Skylab is launched aboard a modified Saturn V rocket from NASA\u2019s Kennedy Space Center\" class=\"wp-image-118617\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> 14 May 1973: the uncrewed Skylab space station is launched aboard a modified Saturn V rocket from NASA\u2019s Kennedy Space Center <\/figcaption> <\/figure> <p>The obstacles are less about getting astronauts there, than they are keeping them alive and getting them back.<\/p> <p>They\u2019re colonists who are going to Mars, they\u2019re not adventurers who are going to Mars and planning to come home any time soon.<\/p> <p>Keeping astronauts alive on the journey to Mars, I think, is doable.<\/p> <p>Keeping them alive once they get to Mars for the long term: I think that\u2019s a bigger challenge.<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1041\" height=\"1111\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2018\/05\/pia20316-main_take6dune-7624c74.jpg\" alt=\"We've already landed rovers on Mars. Are human feet next? This selfie by the Curiosity rover was created using 57 images taken on 19 Jan 2016. Credit: NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/MSSS\" class=\"wp-image-31866\" title=\"Curiosity rover\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> We've already landed rovers on Mars. Are human feet next? This selfie by the Curiosity rover was created using 57 images taken on 19 Jan 2016. Credit: NASA\/JPL-Caltech\/MSSS <\/figcaption> <\/figure> <h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Would colonists on Mars would suffer from intense radiation?<\/strong><\/h2> <p>That is the case. I don\u2019t know offhand any estimates for how long someone might be able to stay alive, but the radiation from the Sun is very dangerous.<\/p> <p>Some of those solar flares are impossible to avoid, and at the moment I don\u2019t think we have the technology to shield astronauts in deep space from the intense energy of those solar flares.<\/p> <p>I think a tremendous amount of research is being invested in figuring out how to enable astronauts to survive the harsh radiation environment of space, and on the surface of Mars it\u2019s not much better than being in space in orbit around Mars.<\/p> <p>And you\u2019ve got to be able to survive that harsh environment for very extended periods of time.<\/p> <p>We don\u2019t know how to do that yet.<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"891\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2024\/07\/carrington-event-today.jpg\" alt=\"NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory image of a solar flare. What would happen if a Carrington Event solar storm occurred today? Credit: NASA\/SDO\" class=\"wp-image-158663\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> NASA Solar Dynamics Observatory image of a solar flare. Credit: NASA\/SDO <\/figcaption> <\/figure> <h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Could we grow food on Mars?<\/strong><\/h2> <p>I think <em>The Martian<\/em> movie was a great depiction of one imaginative way that could be done.<\/p> <p>I think growing food on Mars is possible.<\/p> <p>There are experiments already looking at growing food in space on the International Space Station, or how to grow food using a concoction that what we think Martian soil must be like.<\/p> <p>I think it\u2019s possible, but can we grow enough food, and quickly enough? I think the resources exist on Mars: we\u2019ve got sunlight, carbon dioxide for plants, water.<\/p> <p>You don\u2019t need much more than that if you can actually get the process started.<\/p> <p>You could imagine dropping habitats onto the surface of Mars, inside of which you could grow plants, you could have grow lights, you could manufacture soil.<\/p> <p>I think it\u2019s possible, but for how many people and for how long? These are serious problems that have to be solved.<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"530\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2019\/03\/eat-lettuce-in-space-8fd6922.jpg\" alt=\"NASA astronaut Steve Swanson commanded Expedition 40 on the ISS. Here he is pictured harvesting a crop of red romaine lettuce plants grown as part of the Veg-01 experiment. Could we grow plants on Mars? Credit: NASA\" class=\"wp-image-23560\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> NASA astronaut Steve Swanson commanded Expedition 40 on the ISS. Here he is pictured harvesting a crop of red romaine lettuce plants grown as part of the Veg-01 experiment. Could we grow plants on Mars? Credit: NASA <\/figcaption> <\/figure> <h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Are there ethical considerations around humans colonising Mars?<\/strong><\/h2> <p>I think there are two very different ethical considerations.<\/p> <p>One is that, if we send colonists to Mars, can we keep them alive? If not, then I think we have an ethical problem in sending them.<\/p> <p>If we can keep them alive and bring them home safely, that\u2019s a different story.<\/p> <p>But if they\u2019re just going to Mars to die, or if we\u2019re sending them to Mars and we don\u2019t have high expectations that we can keep them alive, I think that\u2019s a seriously ethically compromised vision of what we should be doing.<\/p> <p>The second consideration is whether we should be contaminating Mars. When we set food on Mars and start growing food, when we put substantial amounts of our DNA on the planet, we will contaminate it.<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2024\/01\/mars-express-water-ice-map.jpg\" alt=\"Map showing the thickness of a deposit thought to be water ice at Mars's equator in the Medusae Fossae Formation, captured by ESA's Mars Express orbiter. Credit: ESA\" class=\"wp-image-145634\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Map showing the thickness of a deposit thought to be water ice at Mars's equator in the Medusae Fossae Formation, captured by ESA's Mars Express orbiter. Credit: ESA <\/figcaption> <\/figure> <p>If Mars is a desert like the Moon, if it is sterile, then I think it doesn\u2019t matter. If we\u2019re just talking about landing on a rock with no life, then I don\u2019t think there are any ethical issues.<\/p> <p>I think we have to figure out whether there is any life on Mars before we land on the planet and try and colonise it.<\/p> <p>But if there is indigenous life, we have to think very hard about whether we have the right to colonise Mars.<\/p> <p>If you look at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-missions\/cassini-mission\">Cassini spacecraft at Saturn<\/a>, we de-orbited it into the planet because of the risk of allowing Cassini to crash into Titan or Enceladus.<\/p> <p>These are two moons of Saturn of which we know little about, other than that there is a possibility that they could harbour life because of their chemical makeup and the presence of liquid.<\/p> <p>We don\u2019t want to contaminate those worlds where there might be life, but Mars is an even better possibility for some kind of life, and we\u2019re not talking about protecting Mars in the same way. I find that surprising.<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube\"> <div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\"> <iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Farewell Cassini\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/asHax_98UIs?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/> <\/div> <\/figure> <h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What would we do once we get to Mars?<\/strong><\/h2> <p>The main thing would be proving that we can live on another planet.<\/p> <p>Learning how to grow food, how to manufacture the energy needed to survive, how to find water and melt it to survive: those are the first steps.<\/p> <p>A second obvious step would be what science fiction writers have always called '<a href=\"https:\/\/www.skyatnightmagazine.com\/space-science\/terraform-planet-mars\">terraforming<\/a>': trying to make Mars more hospitable for us.<\/p> <p>The atmosphere is almost entirely carbon dioxide, which is good for plants, but not for us.<\/p> <p>So unless we\u2019re just going to live in tents on Mars, we need to change the Martian atmosphere. I think most of the initial projects would be survivability.<\/p> <p>Beyond that, Mars also has a lot of mineral reserves, which a lot of countries and companies on Earth would probably love to get their hands on!<\/p> <figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"> <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"864\" src=\"https:\/\/c02.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/48\/2024\/11\/nanorods-terraforming-mars.jpg\" alt=\"Terraforming \u2013 changing the climate so it\u2019s human-friendly \u2013 is key to any Mars colonisation plans. Credit: Victor Habbick Visions\/Science Photo Library\/iStock\/Getty Images\" class=\"wp-image-164783\"\/> <figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> Terraforming \u2013 changing the climate so it\u2019s human-friendly \u2013 is key to any <br\/> Mars colonisation plans. Credit: Victor Habbick Visions\/Science Photo Library\/iStock\/Getty Images <\/figcaption> <\/figure> <h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Would you go on the first trip to Mars?<\/strong><\/h2> <p>A little bit of patience would enable us to reach the point at which our technology would give us confidence that an astronaut going to Mars is not sacrificing themselves.<\/p> <p>When the early European explorers sailed to the \u2018New World\u2019, they were taking risks, but they didn\u2019t think they were intentionally going off to die.<\/p> <p>I wouldn\u2019t put myself in that situation, and I think with a little bit of patience we will be sending people off with a good chance that they will make it back.<\/p> <p>Assuming my two ethical considerations were out of the picture, and that I could survive and come home, and that I were confident we had explored Mars and made sure it is sterile with no native life, then yeah I\u2019d be eager to go!<\/p> <p>I can\u2019t think of anything more exciting than being one of the first humans to step on Mars. It\u2019s a fascinating possibility.<\/p> <p><strong><em>Do you think we could or should colonise Mars for human habitation? Let us know your thoughts by emailing <a href=\"mailto:contactus@skyatnightmagazine.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">contactus@skyatnightmagazine.com<\/a><\/em><\/strong><\/p> <p><strong><em>This interview was conducted with BBC Sky at Night Magazine in 2018.<\/em><\/strong><\/p> <\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The prospect of humans setting foot on Mars seems to become more of a reality with each passing year. 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But could we actually get there, and is life on Mars really possible?","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/67016"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/67017"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=67016"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcskyatnight\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=67016"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}