{"id":23589,"date":"2023-01-11T10:14:00","date_gmt":"2023-01-11T09:14:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/?post_type=purple_issue&p=23589"},"modified":"2023-01-12T10:24:43","modified_gmt":"2023-01-12T09:24:43","slug":"list-for-life","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/2023\/01\/11\/list-for-life\/","title":{"rendered":"List for life"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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List for<\/span> Life<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The IUCN Red List tracks the conservation status of species worldwide, but how are they assessed and does it really help their survival? <\/p>\n\n\n\n

By JO CAIRD <\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n

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Ring-tailed lemurs are classified as Endangered, threatened by habitat loss, hunting and the illegal pet trade <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n

LEMURS ARE IN TROUBLE. OF the 113 described species and subspecies of lemur \u2013 all of which live exclusively in the forests of Madagascar \u2013 98 per cent are threatened with extinction. <\/p>\n\n

It\u2019s a bleak statistic, but a helpful one. Because it\u2019s only by being armed with this knowledge about the conservation status of lemurs that we can begin to address the challenges they face. <\/p>\n\n

We have this information at our fingertips thanks to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), whose Red List of Threatened Species offers the world\u2019s most comprehensive overview of the conservation status of animals, fungi and plants. There are other lists of threatened species out there: national and regional lists used to guide government policy; and lists focusing on particular groups of animals or plants, pulled together by NGOs such as the RSPB. These play an important role in directing conservation efforts in jurisdictions around the world, but are necessarily limited in their scope. The IUCN Red List, which provides information on 150,388 species worldwide, dwarfs them all.<\/span><\/p>\n\n

Contrary to what you might expect, not all the species on the Red List of Threatened Species are actually threatened. While the Red List might be best known for charismatic rarities such as the snow leopard or Komodo dragon, it also includes plenty of mundane, common species: you\u2019ll find the common woodpigeon, grey squirrel and garden snail on the list, too.<\/span><\/p>\n\n

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150,388 species are on the IUCN\u2019s Red List and counting…<\/h5>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n

Being on the Red List just indicates that a species has had its conservation status assessed and categorised as either Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern or Data Deficient. Only those listed as Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable \u2013 currently 42,108 species or 28 per cent of the total Red List \u2013 qualify as \u2018threatened with extinction\u2019. A further 8,816 are Near Threatened and 77,491 are of Least Concern. Over twenty-thousand more are categorised as Data Deficient, meaning there\u2019s not enough known about them to be able to make a judgment.<\/span><\/p>\n\n

These are big numbers, but the IUCN Red List actually covers just 7 per cent of the world\u2019s described species. \u201cWe\u2019ve only really touched the tip of the iceberg,\u201d says Craig Hilton-Taylor, head of the IUCN Red List Unit. \u201cTo try and assess every single species worldwide would be an impossible task, because species are being discovered and described all the time.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

The Red List has very good coverage in particular groups of animals \u2013 mammals, birds, amphibians and warm-water corals, for example \u2013 but there are significant gaps elsewhere. \u201cWe don\u2019t have enough fungi on the list, we don\u2019t have enough plants, we don\u2019t have enough invertebrates, and so we have to keep adding to these other groups,\u201d says Hilton-Taylor. <\/p>\n\n

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Listed as Endangered, there could be as few as 200 wild northern bald ibis <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve only really touched the tip of the iceberg \u2013 species are being discovered all the time\u201d <\/strong><\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n

CRAIG HILTON-TAYLOR, HEAD OF THE IUCN RED LIST UNIT <\/strong><\/p>\n\n

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Anyone with sufficient knowledge of a species can submit it to the IUCN for consideration for the Red List. Population size, population decline or increase, geographic range and risk of extinction are taken into account in order to recommend a particular conservation status. It\u2019s a deliberately open process (the IUCN offers free training for assessors), but the vast majority of Red List assessments are completed by the staff and volunteers of the IUCN\u2019s various partner organisations and networks. It\u2019s tricky to put an exact figure on the number of experts across all these zoos, botanical gardens, universities and NGOs, but Hilton-Craig estimates it\u2019s about 25,000: \u201cWe have experts in every country in the world, who are feeding in data on anything, from bees to molluscs to elephants to polar bears to butterflies, plants, fungi – everything!\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n\n

Once a Red List assessment \u2013 arigorous scientific paper drawing on the best available data \u2013 has been submitted, it\u2019s reviewed by an expert or group of experts and then by staff at the Red List Unit. It might be just a few weeks before an assessment is published and a species added to the list (as is the case with most of the new plant and fungi additions), or this process might take years. <\/p>\n\n

\u201cSome of the assessments are really contentious,\u201d says Hilton-Taylor. \u201cThe more charismatic the species, the more data there is and the more controversial it becomes.\u201d The most recent reassessment of the white rhinoceros, for example, began in 2014 and wasn\u2019t published until 2020: \u201cIt took time to get all the data needed from across Africa and to agree the approach to use for the assessments,\u201d he explains. <\/p>\n\n

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The Near Threatened white rhinoceros still suffers from poaching <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n

While getting onto a national or regional endangered list might offer a species certain automatic protections when it comes to hunting bans or habitat protection, the IUCN Red List has no legal ramifications. Rather, it\u2019s \u201ca scientific tool\u201d that gathers evidence of the threats to a species, the conservation actions currently in place, and what\u2019s needed to lessen the threat of extinction, says Hilton-Taylor.<\/span><\/p>\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s up to other NGOs, conservation bodies, advocacy groups or governments to take that information and use it.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

Listing in a certain Red List category might qualify a species for particular pots of funding. The Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund (headed by the President of UAE), for example, which has given out more than $20 million since it was founded in 2009, only awards grants to conservation projects focussing on Endangered species, prioritising those species that face a high threat of extinction. <\/p>\n\n

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28% of Red List species are \u2018threatened with extinction\u2019<\/h5>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n

Listing might also be effective in shining a spotlight on particular species in need of conservation support. \u201cWe saw this when dozens of species of lemur were added to the Red List in 2012,\u201d says Remco van Merem, species conservation grants coordinator in the IUCN\u2019s Species Conservation Action Team. Those listings prompted the IUCN to produce a document that called for funding to the tune of $7.6 million for a range of conservation projects in Madagascar. <\/p>\n\n

\u201cThat did not immediately lead to funding at the time, but it did enable conversations to be had with interested donors,\u201d says van Merem. The result of those conversations was a private foundation in Geneva agreeing, in 2016, to fund the IUCN Save Our Species Lemurs Initiative, which distributes cash for lemur conservation. Among the many projects that SOS Lemurs has already supported is one working with locals based close to Madagascar\u2019s largest national park, helping them to set up insect farming as an alternative to hunting lemurs for food.<\/span><\/p>\n\n

It’s not just about cash, though. By simply raising the profile of a species, a global listing can very effectively focus the attention of the conservation community. Take Butyriboletus loyo, <\/em>for example, an edible bolete mushroom known as the \u2018porcini of the south\u2019. Found only in small pockets of Chile\u2019s Valdivian rainforest, it was assessed as Endangered in 2019. <\/p>\n\n

\u201cThere was recognition that the species was in trouble,\u201d says Gregory M Mueller, chief scientist at the Chicago Botanic Garden and chair of the IUCN\u2019s specialist group on fungal conservation. \u201cThere had been uncoordinated activity, but actually getting it globally listed really catalysed a broader collaboration and initiative to do something about it.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

Efforts are now ongoing to work with the local indigenous people, whose economy depends on B. <\/em>loyo, <\/em>to develop sustainable harvest techniques and to find ways of inoculating more trees with the fungus to grow its population. <\/p>\n\n

Species are never removed from the Red List (unlike some national or regional lists), but they are sometimes moved down following reassessments, which take place regularly. A species might be \u2018downlisted\u2019 in response to successful conservation efforts, as happened in 2021, when four commercially fished species of tuna each moved down a category because their populations had been showing signs of recovery, thanks to better enforcement of international fishing quotas. <\/p>\n\n

Or the IUCN might decide to downlist a species because new information regarding factors such as population size or rate of decline has come to light. Brazil\u2019s Guarajuba tree (Terminalia acuminata) <\/em>is a case in point: listed as Extinct in the Wild since 1998, several specimens were unexpectedly found by staff of the Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden in 2015, prompting a relisting as Endangered when the species was reassessed in 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n\n

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25,000 is the estimated number of people assessing species globally<\/h5>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n

Downlisting isn\u2019t carried out lightly, however, taking place only when experts are confident that doing so will not reverse the progress that prompted the category move in the first place. Not only must a new Red List assessment take place, but there\u2019s a minimum five-year pause built into the downlisting process to ensure that progress is genuine. For longer-lived species, even more time is allowed: it took humpback whale experts 12 years to decide to move the species from Vulnerable to Least Concern, which took place in 2008. It\u2019s testament to the integrity of the assessment process that, 10 years later, at the humpback\u2019s most recent reassessment in 2018, it was again categorised as Least Concern. <\/p>\n\n

It’s important to note that downlisting is simply an update on the current threat level a species is facing. It\u2019s not necessarily an indication that conservation efforts can be curtailed. \u201cOn the contrary,\u201d says Glenn Plumb, chair of the IUCN\u2019s bison specialist group, referring to the case of the European bison, which was downlisted to Near Threatened in 2020. \u201cI characterise it as a cautionary tale: when a species is recovering, if something were to happen, if protection was withdrawn, it would move back to Vulnerable really quickly.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

Yet at the same time, he says, a downlisting should be regarded as a moment to \u201ccelebrate the progress that has been made and the dedication that\u2019s been shown\u201d. <\/p>\n\n

Does moving a species down the list make it harder to safeguard in the future, because conservation funding will be awarded elsewhere? Ian Burfield, global science coordinator for species at Birdlife International, and coordinator of the Red List Authority for Birds, isn\u2019t too worried on this point. He acknowledges that large, flagship species \u2013 such as the northern bald ibis, which was downlisted to Endangered in 2018 \u2013 have it easier when it comes to conservation funding than smaller, lesser-known ones, but that in general, \u201conce you\u2019re invested as a donor to a particular species, you\u2019re probably really keen to try and see it through all the way down back to Least Concern\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n\n

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\u201cWhen a species is recovering, if protection was withdrawn, it would move to Vulnerable really quickly\u201d <\/em><\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n

GLENN PLUMB, CHAIR OF THE IUCN\u2019S BISON SPECIALIST GROUP <\/strong><\/p>\n\n

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Humpback whales are making a comeback, thanks to their protection from commerical hunting <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n

One way that the IUCN is trying to mitigate the risk of negative impacts from downlisting is through an additional metric that provides information on species recovery and conservation impact. So-called Green Status assessments became an optional part of Red List assessments in 2020, providing a percentage score indicating how well it has recovered. There are only 23 species with Green Status information listed so far; those that were assessed in the process of creating the methodology for the new metric. Hopefully more will be added in due course. Hilton-Taylor\u2019s wish is that Green Status assessments will become standard, naturally increasing in number as species are assessed and reassessed.<\/span><\/p>\n\n

\u201cIt\u2019s quite exciting because it\u2019s showing the other side of the coin: how dependent a species is on conservation action and whether we can move it back to being fully recovered or not,\u201d he says. \u201cThat gives the donors an incentive: if I keep investing in that species, I can move it all that way [to fully recovered]. But if I stop, it might slip back into a more threatened category.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

Ultimately, the red list isn\u2019t just about individual species. It\u2019s about the state of biodiversity as a whole. By considering the conservation status of whole groups of animals, plants or fungi \u2013 mammals, say, or warm-water corals \u2013 the IUCN is able to identify wider trends and patterns, which are essential for international policymaking. <\/p>\n\n

As Hilton-Craig puts it, \u201cWe have to answer both questions: what\u2019s happening to individual species \u2013 so we can inform conservation on the ground \u2013 but we also have to keep the big picture in mind. International policy doesn\u2019t look at individual species.\u201d <\/p>\n\n

It would be impossible to calculate the impact of the Red List on global efforts to halt biodiversity loss \u2013 the variables are too numerous, the causes and effects too complex. What we can say, without a doubt, is that this act of international collaboration, this coming together of about 25,000 people across the world, represents an extraordinary collective achievement of which we should be immensely proud. It can be easy to lose heart in the face of seemingly endless threats to biodiversity on Earth \u2013 the very existence of the Red List gives us hope. <\/p>\n\n

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n

Jo Caird is a freelance journalist who lives in East London and writes for newspapers, magazines and the web. <\/p>\n\n

Read about her work at jocaird.com<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n

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Upgraded <\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
White-spotted guitarfish <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Rhinobatos albomaculatus <\/em>
Vulnerable \u2771\u2771 Critically Endangered <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Razor-billed curassow <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Mitu tuberosum <\/em>
Least Concern \u2771\u2771 Near Threatened <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Golden-tipped bat <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Phoniscus papuensis <\/em>
Least Concern \u2771\u2771 Vulnerable <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Downgraded <\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Puerto Rican crested toad <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Peltophryne lemur <\/em>
Critically Endangered \u2771\u2771 Endangered <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Black-winged myna <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Acridotheres melanopterus <\/em>
Critically Endangered \u2771\u2771 Endangered <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
Mona Island boa <\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Chilabothrus monensis <\/em>
Endangered \u2771\u2771 Near Threatened <\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n

PHOTOS: ANUP SHAH\/GETTY, IBIS: ALAMY; BAT: BRUCE THOMSON\/NPL; CURASSOW: SYLVAIN CORDIER\/GETTY; GUITARFISH: SUZANNE LONG\/ALAMY; RHINO: DENIS-HUOT\/NPL; TOAD: BRENT WARD\/ALAMY; MYNA: REEZKY PRADATA\/GETTY; BOA: WIKIMEDIA\/CREATIVE COMMONS; WHALE: PAUL A. SOUDERS\/GETTY<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The IUCN Red List tracks the conservation status of species worldwide, but how are they assessed and does it really help their survival? 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