Since then, culling has expanded to cover nearly 37,000km2 of the south-west and west of England, and (not including figures from 2021) taken the lives of some 143,000 badgers at a cost to the public purse of \u00a347 million.<\/p>\n
If it carries on as planned, some campaigners opposed to culling have estimated that 280,000 badgers will be killed, perhaps three-quarters of the entire UK population.<\/p>\n
The badger cull at a glance<\/h2>\n- Badgers are protected, yet have been killed in England since 2013 using licenses issued by Natural England<\/a>. Culls are carried out in designated zones, outside of the breeding season.<\/li>\n
- The aim of culling is to reduce a population by 70 per cent over four years, with supplementary culling taking place for the following five years.<\/li>\n
- The first two culling zones were in Gloucester and Somerset, and then Dorset. From 2016, culling was rolled out more widely \u2013 by 2020 there were 54 cull zones.<\/li>\n
- Badgers are culled by two methods: they are caught in cage traps and shot at close range, or are shot with a rifle in the countryside at night.<\/li>\n
- A 2013 government report stated that it was likely that up to 22.8 per cent of badgers shot were still alive after five minutes, and therefore at risk of pain and suffering.<\/li>\n
- In 2021, under licenses given by Natural England, 1,575 badgers were vaccinated across England.<\/li>\n<\/ul>
When and why did the badger cull begin?<\/h2>\n
The history of badger culling England dates back to 1971, when a dead badger was found riddled with bTB. The Randomised Badger Control Trial (RBCT) of the late 1990s and early 2000s \u2013 a huge field experiment covering 30,000km2 \u2013 was a major turning point.<\/p>\n
Analysing the data thrown up by the trial, the Independent Scientific Group (ISG), found that culling was associated with marginal declines in bTB levels in cattle, though not enough for the scientists to recommend the government adopt culling as a policy.<\/p>\n
![\"""\"]( "\\"\"\"\\"\/")
<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div> A European badger in a field. \u00a9 Redmond Durrell\/Alamy<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\n\u201cAfter careful consideration of all the RBCT and other data, including an economic assessment, we conclude that badger culling cannot meaningfully contribute to the future control of cattle TB in Britain,\u201d the ISG said in its report, published back in 2007.<\/p>\n
But the very fact that a modest benefit had been detected meant that the incoming government of 2010 could be persuaded to adopt culling as a part of its strategy to tackle the problem of bTB.<\/p>\n
Has the badger cull reduced bTB in cattle?<\/h2>\n
And the result of this wholescale, licensed killing of a protected species? According to a new study, there has been no significant decrease in levels of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle that can be attributed to culling, the sole reason for embarking on this drastic course of action in the first place.<\/p>\n
You might expect that new, peer-reviewed science, even in an area as controversial as badger culling, might help to draw the two sides of the debate together. While all three of the study\u2019s authors are high-profile opponents of the policy, it is also important to point out that the peer-review process involved four experts in epidemiology \u2013 the science of diseases and how they spread \u2013 evaluating and approving the paper.<\/p>\n
But, if anything, the pros and antis are even more polarised. The Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs<\/a> (Defra) said the authors had worked to \u201ca clear campaign agenda\u201d, \u201cmanipulated data\u201d and that was it \u201cdisappointing to see [the research] published in a scientific journal.\u201d<\/p>\n ![\"""\"]( "\\"\"\"\\"\/")
<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div> Two European badger cubs foraging under bracken in oak woods, Ashdown Forest, Sussex, England, UK. \u00a9 James Warwick\/Getty<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\nThe biggest farming union, the NFU<\/a> \u2013 which has consistently taken a pro-cull stance \u2013 reiterated figures from a previous, considerably smaller study that showed badger culling had reduced bTB rates in herds of cattle.<\/p>\nPublished in Vet Record<\/em><\/a>, the official, peer- reviewed journal of the British Veterinary Association<\/a>, this latest study is the most comprehensive one that\u2019s been carried out since 2013. It looked at 30 cull areas and has taken into account more than 200,000 herd tests (which involve testing several dozen animals per herd) over a six-year period.<\/p>\nSo, what did it find? That the prevalence of bTB both within and outside culling areas had marginally declined at almost exactly the same rate between 2013 and 2019. In 2013, bTB was officially prevalent in 14 per cent of herds in culling areas and just over 12 per cent of herds outside them. By 2019, these figures were 11 per cent and less than 10 per cent respectively. In other words, there is no scientific basis for shooting badgers.<\/p>\n
Paul Torgerson, chair of veterinary epidemiology at the University of Zurich<\/a>, says this is the first time that data from across all the areas where culling has been carried out has been collated in this way.<\/p>\n\u201cWhen you analyse the data and compare the incidences of herd breakdowns [with bTB] where there is no badger culling to areas where there is, there\u2019s no statistical significant difference in the rate,\u201d he says. \u201cIf badger culling was going to do what they said it would, you would expect a greater decrease in the numbers of herd breakdowns [in cull areas].\u201d<\/p>\n
In fact, what\u2019s happened is that the government introduced other measures, alongside culling, to tackle bTB, such as stricter controls on how cattle can be moved around the country and better biosecurity measures, which Torgerson suspects have resulted in the fall.<\/p>
Why are there different conclusions on the badger cull?<\/h2>\n
However, the question of how the RBCT and this new study arrived at slightly different conclusions about the impact of culling badgers on levels of bTB remains.<\/p>\n
The answer, according to Torgerson, and one of the paper\u2019s authors, ecological consultant Tom Langton, is that when recording cows in cull areas, they were discounting \u201cunconfirmed breakdowns\u201d.<\/p>\n
![\"""\"]( "\\"\"\"\\"\/")
<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div> Tom Langton speaks as protesters gather outside Westminster in March 2014, while a parliamentary debate on the controversial badger cull takes place inside the House of Commons. \u00a9 Patricia Phillips\/Alamy<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><\/div>\nThis is where a cow has given a positive skin test suggesting the presence of bTB, but that in a subsequent post-mortem, no lesions (associated with tuberculosis) were found. If unconfirmed breakdowns had been accepted by the ISG as indicating a cow had bTB, then the results would not have shown culling as having a positive impact, both Torgerson and Langton argue.<\/p>\n
\u201cThe ISG seemed to exclude unconfirmed breakdowns on the flip of a coin,\u201d says Langton. \u201cPerhaps because they didn\u2019t want to present \u00a350 million [the public money spent on the RBCT] as finding no effect and therefore to be wrongly judged as a failure.\u201d<\/p>\n
Defra has been quick to respond to the new research. A rebuttal letter appeared in the same issue of Vet Record<\/em>, and an email response sent to BBC Wildlife<\/em> said its own data showed huge reductions in rates of bTB in cattle in areas where culling had taken place, compared with limited or no success in areas where no culling had occurred.<\/p>\nAnother of the study\u2019s authors, Iain McGill, a vet who has campaigned against badger culling, says the figures given to BBC Wildlife<\/em> showing the positive impact of culling were based on data that was not in the public domain and therefore hadn\u2019t been peer-reviewed. \u201cWe\u2019ve asked them for this data, and haven\u2019t received it yet,\u201d he says.<\/p>\nMcGill adds that he is disappointed by Defra\u2019s response and that he had been hoping the department would want to
When and why did the badger cull begin?<\/h2>\n
The history of badger culling England dates back to 1971, when a dead badger was found riddled with bTB. The Randomised Badger Control Trial (RBCT) of the late 1990s and early 2000s \u2013 a huge field experiment covering 30,000km2 \u2013 was a major turning point.<\/p>\n
Analysing the data thrown up by the trial, the Independent Scientific Group (ISG), found that culling was associated with marginal declines in bTB levels in cattle, though not enough for the scientists to recommend the government adopt culling as a policy.<\/p>\n
![\"""\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/04\/Badger.-Alamy.-BA5T49-8f8caf0.jpg?quality=90&resize=309%2C413"\" "\\"\"\"\\"\/")
<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>\u201cAfter careful consideration of all the RBCT and other data, including an economic assessment, we conclude that badger culling cannot meaningfully contribute to the future control of cattle TB in Britain,\u201d the ISG said in its report, published back in 2007.<\/p>\n
But the very fact that a modest benefit had been detected meant that the incoming government of 2010 could be persuaded to adopt culling as a part of its strategy to tackle the problem of bTB.<\/p>\n
Has the badger cull reduced bTB in cattle?<\/h2>\n
And the result of this wholescale, licensed killing of a protected species? According to a new study, there has been no significant decrease in levels of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle that can be attributed to culling, the sole reason for embarking on this drastic course of action in the first place.<\/p>\n
You might expect that new, peer-reviewed science, even in an area as controversial as badger culling, might help to draw the two sides of the debate together. While all three of the study\u2019s authors are high-profile opponents of the policy, it is also important to point out that the peer-review process involved four experts in epidemiology \u2013 the science of diseases and how they spread \u2013 evaluating and approving the paper.<\/p>\n
But, if anything, the pros and antis are even more polarised. The Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs<\/a> (Defra) said the authors had worked to \u201ca clear campaign agenda\u201d, \u201cmanipulated data\u201d and that was it \u201cdisappointing to see [the research] published in a scientific journal.\u201d<\/p>\n The biggest farming union, the NFU<\/a> \u2013 which has consistently taken a pro-cull stance \u2013 reiterated figures from a previous, considerably smaller study that showed badger culling had reduced bTB rates in herds of cattle.<\/p>\n Published in Vet Record<\/em><\/a>, the official, peer- reviewed journal of the British Veterinary Association<\/a>, this latest study is the most comprehensive one that\u2019s been carried out since 2013. It looked at 30 cull areas and has taken into account more than 200,000 herd tests (which involve testing several dozen animals per herd) over a six-year period.<\/p>\n So, what did it find? That the prevalence of bTB both within and outside culling areas had marginally declined at almost exactly the same rate between 2013 and 2019. In 2013, bTB was officially prevalent in 14 per cent of herds in culling areas and just over 12 per cent of herds outside them. By 2019, these figures were 11 per cent and less than 10 per cent respectively. In other words, there is no scientific basis for shooting badgers.<\/p>\n Paul Torgerson, chair of veterinary epidemiology at the University of Zurich<\/a>, says this is the first time that data from across all the areas where culling has been carried out has been collated in this way.<\/p>\n \u201cWhen you analyse the data and compare the incidences of herd breakdowns [with bTB] where there is no badger culling to areas where there is, there\u2019s no statistical significant difference in the rate,\u201d he says. \u201cIf badger culling was going to do what they said it would, you would expect a greater decrease in the numbers of herd breakdowns [in cull areas].\u201d<\/p>\n In fact, what\u2019s happened is that the government introduced other measures, alongside culling, to tackle bTB, such as stricter controls on how cattle can be moved around the country and better biosecurity measures, which Torgerson suspects have resulted in the fall.<\/p> However, the question of how the RBCT and this new study arrived at slightly different conclusions about the impact of culling badgers on levels of bTB remains.<\/p>\n The answer, according to Torgerson, and one of the paper\u2019s authors, ecological consultant Tom Langton, is that when recording cows in cull areas, they were discounting \u201cunconfirmed breakdowns\u201d.<\/p>\n This is where a cow has given a positive skin test suggesting the presence of bTB, but that in a subsequent post-mortem, no lesions (associated with tuberculosis) were found. If unconfirmed breakdowns had been accepted by the ISG as indicating a cow had bTB, then the results would not have shown culling as having a positive impact, both Torgerson and Langton argue.<\/p>\n \u201cThe ISG seemed to exclude unconfirmed breakdowns on the flip of a coin,\u201d says Langton. \u201cPerhaps because they didn\u2019t want to present \u00a350 million [the public money spent on the RBCT] as finding no effect and therefore to be wrongly judged as a failure.\u201d<\/p>\n Defra has been quick to respond to the new research. A rebuttal letter appeared in the same issue of Vet Record<\/em>, and an email response sent to BBC Wildlife<\/em> said its own data showed huge reductions in rates of bTB in cattle in areas where culling had taken place, compared with limited or no success in areas where no culling had occurred.<\/p>\n Another of the study\u2019s authors, Iain McGill, a vet who has campaigned against badger culling, says the figures given to BBC Wildlife<\/em> showing the positive impact of culling were based on data that was not in the public domain and therefore hadn\u2019t been peer-reviewed. \u201cWe\u2019ve asked them for this data, and haven\u2019t received it yet,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n McGill adds that he is disappointed by Defra\u2019s response and that he had been hoping the department would want to![\"""\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/04\/Badger.-GettyImages-186367943-841391f.jpg?quality=90&resize=619%2C413"\" "\\"\"\"\\"\/")
<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>Why are there different conclusions on the badger cull?<\/h2>\n
![\"""\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/04\/Tom-Langton.-Alamy.-DWWDBW-a8c6f93.jpg?quality=90&resize=619%2C413"\" "\\"\"\"\\"\/")
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<\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div>![\"""\"](\""https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/04\/Cattle-jab.-GettyImages-700711951-a7c197e.jpg?quality=90&resize=619%2C413"\" "\\"\"\"\\"\/")
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