{"id":24195,"date":"2023-01-18T17:52:27","date_gmt":"2023-01-18T16:52:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/?p=46687"},"modified":"2023-01-18T21:35:44","modified_gmt":"2023-01-18T20:35:44","slug":"ecosystem-engineers-what-they-are-and-7-of-the-best-ecosystem-engineers","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/rss_feed\/ecosystem-engineers-what-they-are-and-7-of-the-best-ecosystem-engineers\/","title":{"rendered":"Ecosystem engineers: what they are and 7 of the best ecosystem engineers"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"rssexcerpt\"><\/p><p class=\"rssauthor\">By Megan Shersby\n                \t\t<\/p><p class=\"rssbyline\">Published: Wednesday, 18 January 2023 at 12:00 am<\/p><hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body> <h2>What is an ecosystem engineer?<\/h2>\n<p>All organisms have an impact on their environment or other species in one way of another, but some modify their surroundings more than others.<\/p>\n<p>Ecosystem engineers, as they are known, can be found all over the world. Think of ants or termites constructing mounds, or the combined efforts of key <a href=\"\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/insects-invertebrates\/facts-about-coral-reefs\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">coral reef<\/a> organisms.<\/p>\n<p>We humans do it to the extent that there is a proposed geological epoch to describe our impact on the planet \u2013 the Anthropocene.<\/p>\n<iframe title=\"&quot;Elephants\" as=\"\" ecosystem=\"\" engineers=\"\" width=\"&quot;200&quot;\" height=\"&quot;113&quot;\" src=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DkP92X7RaPM?feature=oembed&quot;\" frameborder=\"&quot;0&quot;\" allow=\"&quot;accelerometer;\" autoplay=\"\" clipboard-write=\"\" encrypted-media=\"\" gyroscope=\"\" picture-in-picture=\"\" web-share=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/>\n<hr\/><h2>Examples of ecosystem engineers<\/h2>\n<h3>Gopher tortoise (<em>Gopherus polyphemus<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--aspect=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Gopher-tortoise.-GettyImages-671300162-b340854.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=298%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Gopher-tortoise.-GettyImages-671300162-b340854.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=298%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Gopher-tortoise.-GettyImages-671300162-b340854.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Gopher-tortoise.-GettyImages-671300162-b340854.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Gopher-tortoise.-GettyImages-671300162-b340854.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=403%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Gopher-tortoise.-GettyImages-671300162-b340854.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=403%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Gopher-tortoise.-GettyImages-671300162-b340854.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=553%2C369&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Gopher-tortoise.-GettyImages-671300162-b340854.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=553%2C369&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Gopher-tortoise.-GettyImages-671300162-b340854.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=619%2C413&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Gopher-tortoise.-GettyImages-671300162-b340854.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=619%2C413&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Gopher-tortoise.-GettyImages-671300162-b340854.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=406%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Gopher-tortoise.-GettyImages-671300162-b340854.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=406%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Gopher-tortoise.-GettyImages-671300162-b340854.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=555%2C370&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Gopher-tortoise.-GettyImages-671300162-b340854.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=555%2C370&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-73283\" align=\"\" size-landscape_thumbnail=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--aspect=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Gopher-tortoise.-GettyImages-671300162-b340854.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=619%2C413&quot;\" width=\"&quot;620&quot;\" height=\"&quot;413&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> <em>A gopher tortoise at Seabranch Preserve State Park. \u00a9 Jeffrey Greenberg\/Universal Images Group\/Getty<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p>Another resident of the long-leafed pine ecosystem in the southeastern US is the gopher tortoise, which is the only native land tortoise there. It is named after the gophers (a family of 35 rodent species in North and Central America), which are well-known for their burrowing abilities.<\/p>\n<p>Like the gophers, the gopher tortoise digs deep burrows to avoid extreme weather and potential predators. The front legs of this tortoise are adapted for digging and are shaped like a shovel. These burrows can reach over 7.5 metres in length and provide shelter to a wide range of other species, including frogs, burrowing owls and snakes.<\/p>\n<p>Over 300 species have been documented using these burrows, and some species have adapted to the point of being almost entirely dependent on the gopher tortoise, such as moth caterpillars that feed on the tortoise\u2019s faeces and a tick that feeds mainly on the tortoise.<\/p>\n<h3>Red-cockaded woodpecker (<em>Leucontopicus borealis<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--aspect=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Red-cockaded-woodpecker.-GettyImages-1168082185-e88b4ae.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=298%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Red-cockaded-woodpecker.-GettyImages-1168082185-e88b4ae.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=298%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Red-cockaded-woodpecker.-GettyImages-1168082185-e88b4ae.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Red-cockaded-woodpecker.-GettyImages-1168082185-e88b4ae.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Red-cockaded-woodpecker.-GettyImages-1168082185-e88b4ae.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=403%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Red-cockaded-woodpecker.-GettyImages-1168082185-e88b4ae.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=403%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Red-cockaded-woodpecker.-GettyImages-1168082185-e88b4ae.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=553%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Red-cockaded-woodpecker.-GettyImages-1168082185-e88b4ae.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=553%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Red-cockaded-woodpecker.-GettyImages-1168082185-e88b4ae.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=619%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Red-cockaded-woodpecker.-GettyImages-1168082185-e88b4ae.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=619%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Red-cockaded-woodpecker.-GettyImages-1168082185-e88b4ae.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=406%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Red-cockaded-woodpecker.-GettyImages-1168082185-e88b4ae.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=406%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Red-cockaded-woodpecker.-GettyImages-1168082185-e88b4ae.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=555%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Red-cockaded-woodpecker.-GettyImages-1168082185-e88b4ae.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=555%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-73277\" align=\"\" size-landscape_thumbnail=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--aspect=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Red-cockaded-woodpecker.-GettyImages-1168082185-e88b4ae.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=619%2C413&quot;\" width=\"&quot;620&quot;\" height=\"&quot;413&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> <em>Three red-cockaded woodpeckers on the trunk of a pine tree in Ocala National Forest in central Florida, USA. \u00a9 Elizabeth W. Kearley\/Getty<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p>The red-cockaded woodpecker is a small to mid-sized species of woodpecker which is endemic to pine savannas of the southeastern US, and named for the thin red stripe on the male\u2019s head. It mainly feeds on small insects and invertebrates, but is known to also occasionally feed on fruits and berries.<\/p>\n<p>The species lives in family groups to forage and raise young, with the males from the previous season helping the breeding pair. The\u00a0red-cockaded woodpecker only excavates cavities in living pine trees, usually longleaf pines, and normally favours older trees.<\/p>\n<p>A group will normally have a number of cavities at different stages of construction, and these can take years to be complete. These cavities are used by a variety of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and insects, sometimes enlarging them in the process and enabling even more species to use them, including eastern screech owls and racoons.<\/p>\n<h3>Eurasian beaver (<em>Castor fiber<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--aspect=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-beaver.-GettyImages-1278219157-c9aeab1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=299%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-beaver.-GettyImages-1278219157-c9aeab1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=299%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-beaver.-GettyImages-1278219157-c9aeab1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-beaver.-GettyImages-1278219157-c9aeab1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-beaver.-GettyImages-1278219157-c9aeab1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=404%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-beaver.-GettyImages-1278219157-c9aeab1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=404%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-beaver.-GettyImages-1278219157-c9aeab1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-beaver.-GettyImages-1278219157-c9aeab1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-beaver.-GettyImages-1278219157-c9aeab1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-beaver.-GettyImages-1278219157-c9aeab1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-beaver.-GettyImages-1278219157-c9aeab1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=407%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-beaver.-GettyImages-1278219157-c9aeab1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=407%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-beaver.-GettyImages-1278219157-c9aeab1.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=555%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-beaver.-GettyImages-1278219157-c9aeab1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=555%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-73271\" align=\"\" size-landscape_thumbnail=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--aspect=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-beaver.-GettyImages-1278219157-c9aeab1.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413&quot;\" width=\"&quot;620&quot;\" height=\"&quot;413&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> <em>European beaver in a pool in Germany. \u00a9 Cristian Mihai Vela\/EyeEm\/Getty<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p>In the UK, our most obvious example if the<strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/mammals\/facts-about-eurasian-beavers\/&quot;\"> European beaver<\/a><\/strong>, a native species that went extinct in this country 400 years ago after it was hunted for its meat, fur and glands. It has now been reintroduced, both legally and through escapes from private collections, in a number of locations across Britain.<\/p>\n<p>Beavers cut down trees to build a series of dams on rivers, which in turn create deep pools. This habitat creation benefits many other species including water voles, aquatic invertebrates, trout, amphibians and wetland birds such as teal and snipe. There are benefits for humans too, as the dams and pools improve water quality, slow the speed of water and prevent flooding downstream. They also capture carbon through holding back silt and causing new plant growth.<\/p>\n<h3>European native oyster (<em>Ostrea edulis<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--aspect=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-flat-oyster.-GettyImages-1236043558-667a61c.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=298%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-flat-oyster.-GettyImages-1236043558-667a61c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=298%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-flat-oyster.-GettyImages-1236043558-667a61c.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-flat-oyster.-GettyImages-1236043558-667a61c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-flat-oyster.-GettyImages-1236043558-667a61c.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=403%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-flat-oyster.-GettyImages-1236043558-667a61c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=403%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-flat-oyster.-GettyImages-1236043558-667a61c.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=553%2C369&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-flat-oyster.-GettyImages-1236043558-667a61c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=553%2C369&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-flat-oyster.-GettyImages-1236043558-667a61c.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=619%2C413&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-flat-oyster.-GettyImages-1236043558-667a61c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=619%2C413&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-flat-oyster.-GettyImages-1236043558-667a61c.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=406%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-flat-oyster.-GettyImages-1236043558-667a61c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=406%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-flat-oyster.-GettyImages-1236043558-667a61c.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=555%2C370&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-flat-oyster.-GettyImages-1236043558-667a61c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=555%2C370&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-73270\" align=\"\" size-landscape_thumbnail=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--aspect=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/European-flat-oyster.-GettyImages-1236043558-667a61c.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=619%2C413&quot;\" width=\"&quot;620&quot;\" height=\"&quot;413&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> <em>A marine biologist holds wild flat oysters harvested on a pilot site of ecological restoration at Plougastel-Daoulas, western France. \u00a9 Fred Tanneau\/AFP\/Getty<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p>Around the coasts of the UK, there are conservation projects in place to restore the <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/insects-invertebrates\/facts-about-european-native-oysters\/&quot;\">European native oyster<\/a>, also known as the European flat oyster. This is the only true oyster species native to UK waters and was once a key feature of London\u2019s food trade.<\/p>\n<p>However, native oyster populations have declined by 95 per cent in the UK since the mid-19th century, and oyster beds are one of the most threatened marine habitats in Europe, due to many different factors, including disease, pollution, competition with invasive non-native species, and historic over-harvesting. This humble mollusc is important because it has the remarkable ability to improve water quality while it feeds. Seawater is pumped across its gill structures, with a single oyster filtering an estimated 100-200 litres of seawater every day.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOysters are unsung heroes of the sea, keeping our coastal environment clean and healthy for fish, other marine habitats and people,\u201d says Celine Gamble, the <a href=\"\/\/www.zsl.org\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Zoological Society of London<\/a>\u2019s (ZSL) Wild Oysters project manager. \u201cAlthough oysters are small, they are mighty, and can make some huge changes in our marine environment.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOyster reefs can increase fish production by providing a protective nursery ground and food source for juveniles. Alongside seabass, bream and edible crabs, the European eel and the spiny seahorse can also benefit.\u201d Further up the food chain, seabirds, seals and other predators will then benefit too.<\/p>\n<p>There are 11 projects around the UK working on restoring native oyster populations in locations including Firth of Clyde, Conwy Bay, Loch Craignish and the Solent, all facilitated by the <a href=\"\/\/nativeoysternetwork.org\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Native Oyster Network<\/a>.<\/p>\n<section class=\"&quot;highlight\"><div class=\"&quot;highlight__content\" editor-content=\"\"> <ul><li><strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/insects-invertebrates\/freshwater-pearl-mussel-facts-lifecycle\/&quot;\">Freshwater pearl mussels guide: what they are, why they\u2019re important and the conservation effort to save them<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/insects-invertebrates\/why-do-some-molluscs-have-beautiful-shells\/&quot;\">Why do some molluscs have beautiful shells?<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/insects-invertebrates\/slipper-limpet-facts\/&quot;\">Slipper limpet guide: what it is, what it eats \u2013 and how a slipper limpet reproduces<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/acorn-barnacles\/&quot;\">Barnacles guide: what acorn barnacles are and their life cycle<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><p> <\/p><\/div> <\/section><h3>Yellow rattle (<em>Rhinanthus minor<\/em>)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--aspect=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-88006389-67842d4.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=299%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-88006389-67842d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=299%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-88006389-67842d4.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-88006389-67842d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-88006389-67842d4.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=404%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-88006389-67842d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=404%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-88006389-67842d4.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-88006389-67842d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-88006389-67842d4.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-88006389-67842d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-88006389-67842d4.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=407%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-88006389-67842d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=407%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-88006389-67842d4.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=555%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-88006389-67842d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=555%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-73274\" align=\"\" size-landscape_thumbnail=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--aspect=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-88006389-67842d4.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413&quot;\" width=\"&quot;620&quot;\" height=\"&quot;413&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> <em>Yellow rattle in bloom in Bavaria, Germany. \u00a9 Creativ Studio Heinemann\/Getty<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p>Named for the rattling noise its seed capsules create when shaken (a sound traditionally seen by farmers as a signal to cut their hay) the beautiful yellow rattle is well known to anyone who has tried to <a href=\"\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/how-to\/wildlife-gardening\/how-to-sow-a-wildflower-mini-meadow\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">create a wildflower meadow<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>It is a hemi-parasite on grasses, causing growths in the host\u2019s roots, called haustoria. The haustoria enable the yellow rattle to draw water and nutrients from the grasses, thereby weakening them and suppressing their growth. This means there is then less competition between the grasses and other wildflowers, allowing the latter to grow and thrive. As a result, yellow rattle is sometimes called \u2018the meadow maker\u2019.<\/p>\n<h3>Parrotfish (Scaridae)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--aspect=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Parrotfish.-GettyImages-998111616-335443a.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=299%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Parrotfish.-GettyImages-998111616-335443a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=299%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Parrotfish.-GettyImages-998111616-335443a.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Parrotfish.-GettyImages-998111616-335443a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Parrotfish.-GettyImages-998111616-335443a.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=404%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Parrotfish.-GettyImages-998111616-335443a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=404%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Parrotfish.-GettyImages-998111616-335443a.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Parrotfish.-GettyImages-998111616-335443a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Parrotfish.-GettyImages-998111616-335443a.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Parrotfish.-GettyImages-998111616-335443a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Parrotfish.-GettyImages-998111616-335443a.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=407%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Parrotfish.-GettyImages-998111616-335443a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=407%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Parrotfish.-GettyImages-998111616-335443a.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=555%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Parrotfish.-GettyImages-998111616-335443a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=555%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-73272\" align=\"\" size-landscape_thumbnail=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--aspect=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Parrotfish.-GettyImages-998111616-335443a.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413&quot;\" width=\"&quot;620&quot;\" height=\"&quot;413&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> <em>A parrotfish on a coral reef at night. \u00a9 Sergii Mikushev\/Getty<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p>Parrotfish and the <a href=\"\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/insects-invertebrates\/facts-about-coral-reefs\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">coral reef<\/a> systems in which they live are both ecosystem engineers and there is a feedback loop between the two. Macroalgae grows on the reefs and competes with the coral. The <a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/fish\/queen-parrotfish-mucus-bubble\/&quot;\">parrotfish<\/a> graze on the macroalgae with their beak-like teeth and keep them in check, allowing the coral to thrive.<\/p>\n<p>A study published in 2019 found that when corals became bleached and barren surfaces were created, the algae proliferated and parrotfish populations then increased. The parrotfish grazed on the algae, allowing the coral to begin its recovery, and then eventually parrotfish declined again as the coral\u2019s health improved and there wasn\u2019t so much algae.<\/p>\n<h3>Kelp (Laminariales)<\/h3>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--aspect=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Kelp-forest.-GettyImages-1361152016-ceb6def.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=299%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Kelp-forest.-GettyImages-1361152016-ceb6def.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=299%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Kelp-forest.-GettyImages-1361152016-ceb6def.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Kelp-forest.-GettyImages-1361152016-ceb6def.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Kelp-forest.-GettyImages-1361152016-ceb6def.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=404%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Kelp-forest.-GettyImages-1361152016-ceb6def.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=404%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Kelp-forest.-GettyImages-1361152016-ceb6def.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Kelp-forest.-GettyImages-1361152016-ceb6def.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Kelp-forest.-GettyImages-1361152016-ceb6def.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Kelp-forest.-GettyImages-1361152016-ceb6def.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Kelp-forest.-GettyImages-1361152016-ceb6def.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=407%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Kelp-forest.-GettyImages-1361152016-ceb6def.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=407%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Kelp-forest.-GettyImages-1361152016-ceb6def.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=555%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Kelp-forest.-GettyImages-1361152016-ceb6def.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=555%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-73275\" align=\"\" size-landscape_thumbnail=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--aspect=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2023\/01\/Kelp-forest.-GettyImages-1361152016-ceb6def.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=620%2C413&quot;\" width=\"&quot;620&quot;\" height=\"&quot;413&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> <em>Sunlight cascades through the kelp forest canopy at Anacapa Island in the Channel Islands National Park. \u00a9 Douglas Klug\/Getty<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p>Kelp species are examples of autogenic engineers, where instead of modifying the environment around them, they are modifying themselves \u2013 growing and building the kelp forests which are relied upon by a wide variety of species for protection or for food.<\/p>\n<p>There are a number of species of kelp, some of which are associated with specific regions of the world. The highest diversity of kelp is found in the northeastern Pacific, where there are more than 20 species. Kelp forests are associated with coastlines in temperate and arctic waters, including the UK, Norway, and southern Africa.<\/p>\n<section class=\"&quot;highlight\"><div class=\"&quot;highlight__content\" editor-content=\"\"> <ul><li><strong><a href=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/plant-facts\/habitats-vs-ecosystems\/&quot;\">Habitats and ecosystems: what\u2019s the difference, and how they affect biodiversity<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul><p> <\/p><\/div> <\/section> <\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Megan Shersby Published: Wednesday, 18 January 2023 at 12:00 am What is an ecosystem engineer? All organisms have an impact on their environment or other species in one way of another, but some modify their surroundings more than others. Ecosystem engineers, as they are known, can be found all over the world. Think of [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":24196,"template":"","categories":[1],"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"7"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2023\/01\/ecosystem-engineers-what-they-are-and-7-of-the-best-ecosystem-engineers.jpg",2121,1414,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2023\/01\/ecosystem-engineers-what-they-are-and-7-of-the-best-ecosystem-engineers-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2023\/01\/ecosystem-engineers-what-they-are-and-7-of-the-best-ecosystem-engineers-300x200.jpg",300,200,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2023\/01\/ecosystem-engineers-what-they-are-and-7-of-the-best-ecosystem-engineers-768x512.jpg",768,512,true],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2023\/01\/ecosystem-engineers-what-they-are-and-7-of-the-best-ecosystem-engineers-1024x683.jpg",800,534,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2023\/01\/ecosystem-engineers-what-they-are-and-7-of-the-best-ecosystem-engineers-1536x1024.jpg",1536,1024,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2023\/01\/ecosystem-engineers-what-they-are-and-7-of-the-best-ecosystem-engineers-2048x1365.jpg",2048,1365,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"By Megan Shersby Published: Wednesday, 18 January 2023 at 12:00 am What is an ecosystem engineer? All organisms have an impact on their environment or other species in one way of another, but some modify their surroundings more than others. Ecosystem engineers, as they are known, can be found all over the world. Think of&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/24195"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24196"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24195"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24195"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}