{"id":25024,"date":"2023-02-08T16:58:24","date_gmt":"2023-02-08T15:58:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/?p=74167"},"modified":"2023-02-08T17:35:47","modified_gmt":"2023-02-08T16:35:47","slug":"parasites-what-they-are-where-they-live-and-how-parasites-are-transmitted","status":"publish","type":"rss_feed","link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/rss_feed\/parasites-what-they-are-where-they-live-and-how-parasites-are-transmitted\/","title":{"rendered":"Parasites: what they are, where they live and how parasites are transmitted"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"rssexcerpt\"> The weird and wonderful world of parasites, and how they have evolved to survive \u2013 including those that can exhibit mind control on their hosts. <\/p><p class=\"rssauthor\">By JV Chamary\n                \t\t<\/p><p class=\"rssbyline\">Published: Wednesday, 08 February 2023 at 12:00 am<\/p><hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/><?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\" standalone=\"yes\"?>\n<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-\/\/W3C\/\/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional\/\/EN\" \"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/REC-html40\/loose.dtd\">\n<html><body> <p>Parasite. The word alone can make your skin crawl. Parasites can be either viruses or organisms, and can be anything from inconvenient pests that don\u2019t normally kill to mind-controlling puppet masters with (often disgusting) life strategies that have evolved to benefit themselves at the cost of others.<\/p>\n<h2>What is parasitism?<\/h2>\n<p>It\u2019s a relationship in which one partner exploits the resources of the other. Those resources are typically food \u2013 sometimes in the form of body parts \u2013 so a parasite will harm the host by reducing its ability to survive and reproduce.<\/p>\n<p>Parasites are generally smaller than their hosts and tend to consume the body, making them micropredators. As biologist EO Wilson once wrote, parasites are \u201cpredators that eat prey in units of less than one.\u201d<\/p>\n<section class=\"&quot;highlight\"><div class=\"&quot;highlight__content\" editor-content=\"\"> <h4>More on parasites:\u00a0<\/h4>\n<ul><li><a href=\"\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/plant-facts\/fungi\/cordyceps-ophicordyceps-zombie-fungus\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\"><em>Cordyceps<\/em> and <em>Ophicordyceps<\/em>: the zombie fungi made famous by <em>The Last Of Us<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/insects-invertebrates\/parasitic-wasps-white-butterflies\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Parasitic wasps and white butterflies: how this \u2018zombie\u2019 wasp invades a caterpillar\u2019s body<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/insects-invertebrates\/meet-the-cymothoa-exigua-parasite-the-tongue-eating-isopod\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Meet the <em>Cymothoa exigua<\/em> parasite, the tongue-eating isopod<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/news\/parasitised-wolves-are-more-likely-to-become-leaders-of-the-pack\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">News (2023): Parasitised wolves are more likely to become pack leaders<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><p> <\/p><\/div> <\/section><h2>Where do parasites live?<\/h2>\n<p>Some, such as worms and bacteria, are endoparasites that inhabit a host\u2019s body or live inside its cells. Others, such as sap-stealing aphids and bloodsucking leeches or vampire bats, are ectoparasites that attach to the outside surface.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--full=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2015\/10\/Hairy-legged-vampire-bat.-GettyImages-1192192062-f38d5bb.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;crop=16px%2C250px%2C3088px%2C2057px&amp;resize=300%2C200,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2015\/10\/Hairy-legged-vampire-bat.-GettyImages-1192192062-f38d5bb.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=16px%2C250px%2C3088px%2C2057px&amp;resize=300%2C200,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2015\/10\/Hairy-legged-vampire-bat.-GettyImages-1192192062-f38d5bb.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;crop=16px%2C250px%2C3088px%2C2057px&amp;resize=355%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2015\/10\/Hairy-legged-vampire-bat.-GettyImages-1192192062-f38d5bb.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=16px%2C250px%2C3088px%2C2057px&amp;resize=355%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2015\/10\/Hairy-legged-vampire-bat.-GettyImages-1192192062-f38d5bb.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;crop=16px%2C250px%2C3088px%2C2057px&amp;resize=405%2C270,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2015\/10\/Hairy-legged-vampire-bat.-GettyImages-1192192062-f38d5bb.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=16px%2C250px%2C3088px%2C2057px&amp;resize=405%2C270,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2015\/10\/Hairy-legged-vampire-bat.-GettyImages-1192192062-f38d5bb.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;crop=16px%2C250px%2C3088px%2C2057px&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2015\/10\/Hairy-legged-vampire-bat.-GettyImages-1192192062-f38d5bb.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=16px%2C250px%2C3088px%2C2057px&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2015\/10\/Hairy-legged-vampire-bat.-GettyImages-1192192062-f38d5bb.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;crop=16px%2C250px%2C3088px%2C2057px&amp;resize=620%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2015\/10\/Hairy-legged-vampire-bat.-GettyImages-1192192062-f38d5bb.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=16px%2C250px%2C3088px%2C2057px&amp;resize=620%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2015\/10\/Hairy-legged-vampire-bat.-GettyImages-1192192062-f38d5bb.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;crop=16px%2C250px%2C3088px%2C2057px&amp;resize=408%2C272,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2015\/10\/Hairy-legged-vampire-bat.-GettyImages-1192192062-f38d5bb.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=16px%2C250px%2C3088px%2C2057px&amp;resize=408%2C272,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2015\/10\/Hairy-legged-vampire-bat.-GettyImages-1192192062-f38d5bb.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;crop=16px%2C250px%2C3088px%2C2057px&amp;resize=556%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2015\/10\/Hairy-legged-vampire-bat.-GettyImages-1192192062-f38d5bb.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=16px%2C250px%2C3088px%2C2057px&amp;resize=556%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img data-crop-width=\"&quot;3088&quot;\" data-crop-height=\"&quot;2057&quot;\" class=\"&quot;wp-image-39995\" align=\"\" size-landscape_thumbnail=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--full=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2015\/10\/Hairy-legged-vampire-bat.-GettyImages-1192192062-f38d5bb.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=16px%2C250px%2C3088px%2C2057px&amp;resize=620%2C413&quot;\" width=\"&quot;620&quot;\" height=\"&quot;413&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> <em>The hairy-legged vampire bat (<\/em>Diphylla ecaudata<em>). \u00a9 Gabriel Mendes\/Getty<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p>Then there\u2019s mesoparasites that become embedded in their host\u2019s body. Some will even remove organs, like the <a href=\"\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/insects-invertebrates\/meet-the-cymothoa-exigua-parasite-the-tongue-eating-isopod\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">tongue-eating louse<\/a> (<em>Cymothoa exigua<\/em>), which enters a fish via the gills then replaces its host\u2019s tongue. They look kind of cute!<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--aspect=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/11\/Cymothoa-exigua-c2ecd20.jpeg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=149%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/11\/Cymothoa-exigua-c2ecd20.jpeg?quality=90&amp;resize=149%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/11\/Cymothoa-exigua-c2ecd20.jpeg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=177%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/11\/Cymothoa-exigua-c2ecd20.jpeg?quality=90&amp;resize=177%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/11\/Cymothoa-exigua-c2ecd20.jpeg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=202%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/11\/Cymothoa-exigua-c2ecd20.jpeg?quality=90&amp;resize=202%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/11\/Cymothoa-exigua-c2ecd20.jpeg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=277%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/11\/Cymothoa-exigua-c2ecd20.jpeg?quality=90&amp;resize=277%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/11\/Cymothoa-exigua-c2ecd20.jpeg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=310%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/11\/Cymothoa-exigua-c2ecd20.jpeg?quality=90&amp;resize=310%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/11\/Cymothoa-exigua-c2ecd20.jpeg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=203%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/11\/Cymothoa-exigua-c2ecd20.jpeg?quality=90&amp;resize=203%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/11\/Cymothoa-exigua-c2ecd20.jpeg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=278%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/11\/Cymothoa-exigua-c2ecd20.jpeg?quality=90&amp;resize=278%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-71034\" align=\"\" size-landscape_thumbnail=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--aspect=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/11\/Cymothoa-exigua-c2ecd20.jpeg?quality=90&amp;resize=310%2C413&quot;\" width=\"&quot;620&quot;\" height=\"&quot;413&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> Cymothoa exigua <em>within the mouth of a Clark\u2019s anemonefish. \u00a9 Christian Gloor from Wakatobi Dive Resort, Indonesia, <a href=\"\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 2.0<\/a>, via Wikimedia Commons<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<h2>How are parasites transmitted?<\/h2>\n<p>They use various routes, as illustrated by arthropods. Some, such as human head lice, jump directly from host to host.<\/p>\n<p>Others have a free-living stage and can travel between hosts, so they also serve as vectors that carry disease-causing parasites (pathogens), like the mosquitoes that deliver malaria parasites.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--aspect=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2014\/06\/GettyImages-541048906-5048768.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=292%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2014\/06\/GettyImages-541048906-5048768.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=292%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2014\/06\/GettyImages-541048906-5048768.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=347%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2014\/06\/GettyImages-541048906-5048768.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=347%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2014\/06\/GettyImages-541048906-5048768.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=395%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2014\/06\/GettyImages-541048906-5048768.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=395%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2014\/06\/GettyImages-541048906-5048768.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=542%2C369&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2014\/06\/GettyImages-541048906-5048768.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=542%2C369&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2014\/06\/GettyImages-541048906-5048768.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=607%2C413&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2014\/06\/GettyImages-541048906-5048768.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=607%2C413&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2014\/06\/GettyImages-541048906-5048768.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=398%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2014\/06\/GettyImages-541048906-5048768.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=398%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2014\/06\/GettyImages-541048906-5048768.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=544%2C370&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2014\/06\/GettyImages-541048906-5048768.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=544%2C370&quot;\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-20330\" align=\"\" size-landscape_thumbnail=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--aspect=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2014\/06\/GettyImages-541048906-5048768.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=607%2C413&quot;\" width=\"&quot;620&quot;\" height=\"&quot;413&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> <em>A blood-engorged female<\/em> Aedes albopictus <em>mosquito. \u00a9 Smith Collection\/Gado\/Getty<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p>Many parasites, including tapeworms and nematodes, are transmitted trophically \u2013 meaning a parasite is eaten by the host, often via the \u2018faecal-oral\u2019 route.<\/p>\n<h2>What\u2019s a parasitoid?<\/h2>\n<p>It\u2019s a parasite that kills its host. For instance, an adult endoparasitoid wasp paralyses with a sting then lays eggs on a host\u2019s body, which its young consume.<\/p>\n<p>Ectoparasitoid wasps inject eggs into the body that gestate inside their living incubator, growing along with the host until young insects eat their way out \u2013 which was the inspiration for the \u2018chestburster\u2019 Xenomorph in the film <em>Alien<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h2>How do parasites exhibit mind control?<\/h2>\n<p>Yes! While parasitic animals sense hosts using specific cues (a mosquito uses body odours), certain brainless parasites release mind-controlling substances that manipulate behaviour to maximise their chances of reaching new hosts.<\/p>\n<p>One famous example is <em><a href=\"\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/plant-facts\/fungi\/cordyceps-ophicordyceps-zombie-fungus\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Ophiocordyceps<\/a> unilateralis<\/em>, popularly known as \u2018zombie ant fungus\u2019. This species prompts its insect host to bite a leaf or twig above a colony while the parasite\u2019s \u2018fruiting bodies\u2019 grow from the ant\u2019s head.<\/p>\n<iframe title=\"&quot;Our\" planet=\"\" fungus=\"\" clip=\"\" netflix=\"\" width=\"&quot;200&quot;\" height=\"&quot;113&quot;\" src=\"&quot;https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ROQrbWkV4HI?feature=oembed&quot;\" frameborder=\"&quot;0&quot;\" allow=\"&quot;accelerometer;\" autoplay=\"\" clipboard-write=\"\" encrypted-media=\"\" gyroscope=\"\" picture-in-picture=\"\" web-share=\"\" allowfullscreen=\"\"\/>\n<p>These fruiting bodies rupture to release fungal spores onto the colony below. The idea that fungi could do the same to people inspired the video game (and now TV series) <em>The Last of Us<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h2>What\u2019s brood parasitism?<\/h2>\n<p>Some species don\u2019t bother to rear young and instead lay their eggs in the nests of \u2018foster parents\u2019 \u2013 hosts that incubate then feed the parasitic offspring.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--aspect=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/05\/Reed-warbler-and-cuckoo.-GettyImages-90064609-a245af7.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;crop=4px%2C716px%2C1411px%2C940px&amp;resize=299%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/05\/Reed-warbler-and-cuckoo.-GettyImages-90064609-a245af7.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=4px%2C716px%2C1411px%2C940px&amp;resize=299%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/05\/Reed-warbler-and-cuckoo.-GettyImages-90064609-a245af7.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;crop=4px%2C716px%2C1411px%2C940px&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/05\/Reed-warbler-and-cuckoo.-GettyImages-90064609-a245af7.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=4px%2C716px%2C1411px%2C940px&amp;resize=354%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/05\/Reed-warbler-and-cuckoo.-GettyImages-90064609-a245af7.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;crop=4px%2C716px%2C1411px%2C940px&amp;resize=404%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/05\/Reed-warbler-and-cuckoo.-GettyImages-90064609-a245af7.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=4px%2C716px%2C1411px%2C940px&amp;resize=404%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/05\/Reed-warbler-and-cuckoo.-GettyImages-90064609-a245af7.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;crop=4px%2C716px%2C1411px%2C940px&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/05\/Reed-warbler-and-cuckoo.-GettyImages-90064609-a245af7.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=4px%2C716px%2C1411px%2C940px&amp;resize=554%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/05\/Reed-warbler-and-cuckoo.-GettyImages-90064609-a245af7.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;crop=4px%2C716px%2C1411px%2C940px&amp;resize=620%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/05\/Reed-warbler-and-cuckoo.-GettyImages-90064609-a245af7.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=4px%2C716px%2C1411px%2C940px&amp;resize=620%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/05\/Reed-warbler-and-cuckoo.-GettyImages-90064609-a245af7.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;crop=4px%2C716px%2C1411px%2C940px&amp;resize=407%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/05\/Reed-warbler-and-cuckoo.-GettyImages-90064609-a245af7.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=4px%2C716px%2C1411px%2C940px&amp;resize=407%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/05\/Reed-warbler-and-cuckoo.-GettyImages-90064609-a245af7.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;crop=4px%2C716px%2C1411px%2C940px&amp;resize=555%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/05\/Reed-warbler-and-cuckoo.-GettyImages-90064609-a245af7.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=4px%2C716px%2C1411px%2C940px&amp;resize=555%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img data-crop-width=\"&quot;1411&quot;\" data-crop-height=\"&quot;940&quot;\" class=\"&quot;wp-image-61570\" align=\"\" size-landscape_thumbnail=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--aspect=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/05\/Reed-warbler-and-cuckoo.-GettyImages-90064609-a245af7.jpg?quality=90&amp;crop=4px%2C716px%2C1411px%2C940px&amp;resize=620%2C413&quot;\" width=\"&quot;620&quot;\" height=\"&quot;413&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> <em>A reed warbler feeding a cuckoo chick. \u00a9 Mike Birkhead\/Getty<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p>The most well-known example is the <a href=\"\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/birds\/facts-about-cuckoos\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">common cuckoo<\/a>, whose eggs mimic the colours and patterns of a host\u2019s eggs to minimise rejection. Cuckoo chicks often hatch first and, while still blind and naked, evict other birds from \u2018their\u2019 nest.<\/p>\n<ul><li>Listen to <em>BBC Wildlife<\/em>\u2019s <a href=\"\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/author\/meganshersby\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Megan Shersby<\/a> <a href=\"\/\/www.countryfile.com\/podcast\/cuckoo-wicken-fen-cambridgeshire\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">interviewing the biologist Professor Nick Davies about cuckoos<\/a> for the <em>BBC Countryfile Magazine<\/em> podcast.<\/li>\n<\/ul><p><a href=\"\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/insects-invertebrates\/how-do-cuckoo-bumblebees-trick-other-species\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">Cuckoo bumblebees<\/a> exhibit a similar behaviour, killing the queen bumblebee of a colony and forcing the original queen\u2019s workers to look after the cuckoo\u2019s eggs.<\/p>\n<h2>How common are parasites?<\/h2>\n<p>Across the animal kingdom, parasitism has evolved at least 223 times and an estimated 40 per cent of species are parasites themselves.<\/p>\n<p>Parasitic plants are rare, at around 1 per cent of flowering species, and use a root-like structure called a haustorium to penetrate other plants and siphon-off liquid nutrients.<\/p>\n<p>One UK example is yellow rattle (<em>Rhinanthus minor<\/em>) which is a hemiparasite on grasses. In doing so, it weakens the grasses and gives other wildflowers a chance to grow. This significant effect means that yellow rattle is considered an <a href=\"\/\/www.discoverwildlife.com\/animal-facts\/ecosystem-engineers\/&quot;\" target=\"&quot;_blank&quot;\" rel=\"&quot;noopener&quot; noopener noreferrer\">ecosystem engineer<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"&quot;image-handler__container\" image-handler__container--aspect=\"\" style=\"&quot;padding-bottom:\" calc=\"\"> <picture><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/03\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-909784814-aab7268.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=133%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/03\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-909784814-aab7268.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=133%2C199,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/03\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-909784814-aab7268.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=157%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/03\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-909784814-aab7268.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=157%2C236,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/03\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-909784814-aab7268.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=179%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/03\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-909784814-aab7268.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=179%2C269,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/03\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-909784814-aab7268.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=246%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(max-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/03\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-909784814-aab7268.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=246%2C369,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/03\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-909784814-aab7268.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=275%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/03\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-909784814-aab7268.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=275%2C413,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/03\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-909784814-aab7268.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=181%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/03\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-909784814-aab7268.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=181%2C271,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/03\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-909784814-aab7268.jpg?webp=true&amp;quality=90&amp;resize=247%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/webp&quot;\"><source media=\"&quot;(min-width:\" data-srcset=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/03\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-909784814-aab7268.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=247%2C370,\" https:=\"\" type=\"&quot;image\/jpeg&quot;\"><img class=\"&quot;wp-image-53655\" align=\"\" size-landscape_thumbnail=\"\" image-handler__image=\"\" image-handler__image--aspect=\"\" no-wrap=\"\" js-lazyload=\"\" data-src=\"&quot;https:\/\/images.immediate.co.uk\/production\/volatile\/sites\/23\/2022\/03\/Yellow-rattle.-GettyImages-909784814-aab7268.jpg?quality=90&amp;resize=275%2C413&quot;\" width=\"&quot;620&quot;\" height=\"&quot;413&quot;\" alt=\"&quot;&quot;\" title=\"&quot;&quot;\"\/><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/source><\/picture><\/div><div class=\"&quot;caption-hold&quot;\"><figcaption class=\"&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;\"><span class=\"&quot;caption-copy&quot;\"><i class=\"&quot;icon-arrow\" icon-camera-circle=\"\"\/> <em>Yellow rattle in flower. \u00a9 Getty<\/em><\/span><\/figcaption><span class=\"&quot;im-image-caption&quot;\"\/><\/div>\n<p>Parasitic relationships are a co-evolutionary arms race. Over time, as natural selection drives a parasite to evolve features that help infection, adaptations such as physical barriers protect hosts against invasion. Many animals develop a tough epidermis, for instance, while plants may have thick cells walls and tree bark. To tolerate parasites, you need a thick skin.<\/p>\n<hr\/><p><em>Main image:<\/em> Cordyceps militaris <em>growing on a mulberry silkworm pupa. \u00a9 Kornwipa Ponganan\/Getty<\/em><\/p> <\/body><\/html>\n<hr class=\"no-tts wp-block-separator\"\/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> The weird and wonderful world of parasites, and how they have evolved to survive \u2013 including those that can exhibit mind control on their hosts. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":25025,"template":"","categories":[1],"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"5"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2023\/02\/parasites-what-they-are-where-they-live-and-how-parasites-are-transmitted.jpg",2121,1414,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2023\/02\/parasites-what-they-are-where-they-live-and-how-parasites-are-transmitted-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2023\/02\/parasites-what-they-are-where-they-live-and-how-parasites-are-transmitted-300x200.jpg",300,200,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2023\/02\/parasites-what-they-are-where-they-live-and-how-parasites-are-transmitted-768x512.jpg",768,512,true],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2023\/02\/parasites-what-they-are-where-they-live-and-how-parasites-are-transmitted-1024x683.jpg",800,534,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2023\/02\/parasites-what-they-are-where-they-live-and-how-parasites-are-transmitted-1536x1024.jpg",1536,1024,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2023\/02\/parasites-what-they-are-where-they-live-and-how-parasites-are-transmitted-2048x1365.jpg",2048,1365,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"The weird and wonderful world of parasites, and how they have evolved to survive \u2013 including those that can exhibit mind control on their hosts.","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/25024"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25025"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25024"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25024"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}