JV Chamary explains all you need to know about thermoregulation and the differences between cold-blooded animals and warm-blooded ones <\/p>
The animal kingdom can be split based on how body temperature is controlled (thermoregulation): \u2018cold-blooded\u2019 ectotherms use external sources of heat, such as solar energy, whereas \u2018warm-blooded\u2019 endotherms generate internal heat via metabolism. But while this difference helps define features and behaviour, some species show that the distinction between the two groups isn\u2019t so clear-cut.<\/p>
Some people don\u2019t like those terms, with good reason! Most invertebrates are ecotherms and can\u2019t be \u2018blooded\u2019 as they don\u2019t have actual blood<\/a>, so are instead classified as ectotherms. The labels \u2018cold\u2019 and \u2018warm\u2019 only really apply to vertebrates.<\/p> Another problem is that the terms are relative, not absolute: in the desert, a cold-blooded lizard might have a higher body temperature than a warm-blooded rodent. But despite what textbooks may tell you, many scientists still use cold\/warm as synonyms for ecto\/endo because the meanings are almost interchangeable.<\/p> Because the biochemical reactions that sustain life work best within a certain range. Many animals are homeotherms, which means they aim to maintain bodies near an optimum temperature using physiological and\/or behavioural strategies. Endotherms can avoid overheating by surface evaporation (dogs pant, for instance) and gain warmth through physical activity, while ectotherms (such as a crocodile basking in the sun) can cool down by moving to shade.<\/p> All vertebrates can warm the body by shivering (repeated muscular contraction), but birds and mammals are classed as endotherms because they\u2019re also capable of generating heat from metabolism by \u2018non-shivering thermogenesis\u2019. The processes that produce heat in each group are distinct, so many biologists think that they evolved independently: true mammals burn a type of fat called brown adipose tissue and birds flap their wings to heat pectoral muscles.<\/p> No! It\u2019s tempting to assume that the more sophisticated heating mechanisms used by mammals and birds have allowed them to be more successful than \u2018primitive\u2019 fish and reptiles. In fact, being cold-blooded has its benefits. Notably, because their heat doesn\u2019t come from metabolism, ectotherms need far less energy to function.<\/p> If a warm-blooded animal is like a motorbike then a cold-blooded creature is a pushbike: lower performance, but also lower fuel consumption. Ectotherms lead an economical lifestyle \u2013 an advantage when food is limited or unpredictable, when an endotherm would have to either starve or migrate. This enables cold-blooded species to occupy ecological niches that aren\u2019t available to warm-blooded ones.<\/p> Plenty. Some species from cold-blooded groups could be considered warm-blooded as they raise their body temperature above ambient. Large fish such as mackerel sharks (including the great white<\/a>), billfishes (such as swordfish and marlin) and tunas heat body regions as a by-product of contracting red muscles while swimming, and a blood-flow system that limits heat loss. Opahs can even warm their whole bodies.<\/p> Among reptiles, leatherback turtles<\/a> are insulated by a layer of subcutaneous fat \u2013 similar to blubber in seals and whales \u2013 that helps keep body temperature at about 25\u00baC during deep dives or in sub-polar waters under 5\u00baC. Big animals have less surface area (where heat is lost) relative to size, so some scientists believe that large reptiles maintain body temperatures through a phenomenon called gigantothermy.<\/p> Large dinosaurs<\/a><\/strong> are often depicted in films and documentaries as slow and lumbering beasts under the assumption that their physiology was similar to living reptiles. But based on growth rates (estimated from fossil <\/a>bones), dinosaurs weren\u2019t cold-blooded<\/a>: their metabolic rates \u2013 and in turn their ability to generate heat \u2013 were halfway between those of ectotherms and endotherms. So instead, dinosaurs may have been mesotherms \u2013 what you might call \u2018lukewarm-blooded\u2019 vertebrates.\u00a0<\/p> Main image: Getty Images<\/p> <\/body><\/html>\n JV Chamary explains all you need to know about thermoregulation and the differences between cold-blooded animals and warm-blooded ones <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":37362,"template":"","categories":[1],"acf":{"readingTimeMinutes":"3"},"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2024\/04\/thermoregulation-whats-the-difference-between-cold-blooded-and-warm-blooded-animals.jpg",2560,1707,false],"thumbnail":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2024\/04\/thermoregulation-whats-the-difference-between-cold-blooded-and-warm-blooded-animals-150x150.jpg",150,150,true],"medium":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2024\/04\/thermoregulation-whats-the-difference-between-cold-blooded-and-warm-blooded-animals-300x200.jpg",300,200,true],"medium_large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2024\/04\/thermoregulation-whats-the-difference-between-cold-blooded-and-warm-blooded-animals-768x512.jpg",768,512,true],"large":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2024\/04\/thermoregulation-whats-the-difference-between-cold-blooded-and-warm-blooded-animals-1024x683.jpg",800,534,true],"1536x1536":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2024\/04\/thermoregulation-whats-the-difference-between-cold-blooded-and-warm-blooded-animals-1536x1024.jpg",1536,1024,true],"2048x2048":["https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/uploads\/sites\/44\/2024\/04\/thermoregulation-whats-the-difference-between-cold-blooded-and-warm-blooded-animals-2048x1366.jpg",2048,1366,true]},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"importmanagerhub@sprylab.com","author_link":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/author\/importmanagerhubsprylab-com\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"JV Chamary explains all you need to know about thermoregulation and the differences between cold-blooded animals and warm-blooded ones","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed\/37361"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/rss_feed"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/rss_feed"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/24"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/37362"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37361"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/c01.purpledshub.com\/bbcwildlife\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37361"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Why regulate body temperature?<\/strong><\/h2>
How do endotherms generate heat?<\/strong><\/h2>
Are ectotherms at a disadvantage?<\/strong><\/h3>
Are there exceptions?<\/strong><\/h3>
Were dinosaurs warm-blooded?<\/strong><\/h2>
","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"